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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
______________________________
FORM 10-Q 
______________________________
(Mark One)
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
Or
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission file number 1-10706
____________________________________________________________________________________
Comerica Incorporated
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Delaware
38-1998421
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
Comerica Bank Tower
1717 Main Street, MC 6404
Dallas, Texas 75201
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(214) 462-6831
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) 
_________________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ý
 
Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer o

 
Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
$5 par value common stock:
Outstanding as of April 24, 2019: 154,160,837 shares


Table of Contents

COMERICA INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
35
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
59
 
 
59
 
 
59
 
 
59
 
 
60



Table of Contents

Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries
(in millions, except share data)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
(unaudited)
 
 
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
1,063

 
$
1,390

 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
2,418

 
3,171

Other short-term investments
136

 
134

 
 
 
 
Investment securities available-for-sale
12,212

 
12,045

 
 
 
 
Commercial loans
32,007

 
31,976

Real estate construction loans
3,291

 
3,077

Commercial mortgage loans
8,989

 
9,106

Lease financing
535

 
507

International loans
1,040

 
1,013

Residential mortgage loans
1,949

 
1,970

Consumer loans
2,491

 
2,514

Total loans
50,302

 
50,163

Less allowance for loan losses
(647
)
 
(671
)
Net loans
49,655

 
49,492

 
 
 
 
Premises and equipment
474

 
475

Accrued income and other assets
4,732

 
4,111

Total assets
$
70,690

 
$
70,818

 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing deposits
$
26,242

 
$
28,690

 
 
 
 
Money market and interest-bearing checking deposits
22,889

 
22,560

Savings deposits
2,175

 
2,172

Certificates of deposit
2,776

 
2,131

Foreign office time deposits
9

 
8

Total interest-bearing deposits
27,849

 
26,871

Total deposits
54,091

 
55,561

 
 
 
 
Short-term borrowings
935

 
44

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
1,407

 
1,243

Medium- and long-term debt
6,848

 
6,463

Total liabilities
63,281

 
63,311

 
 
 
 
Common stock - $5 par value:
 
 
 
Authorized - 325,000,000 shares
 
 
 
Issued - 228,164,824 shares
1,141

 
1,141

Capital surplus
2,159

 
2,148

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(513
)
 
(609
)
Retained earnings
8,979

 
8,781

Less cost of common stock in treasury - 72,747,011 shares at 3/31/19 and 68,081,176 shares at 12/31/18
(4,357
)
 
(3,954
)
Total shareholders’ equity
7,409

 
7,507

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
70,690

 
$
70,818

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

1

Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries 


 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)
2019
 
2018
INTEREST INCOME
 
 
 
Interest and fees on loans
$
621

 
$
509

Interest on investment securities
72

 
64

Interest on short-term investments
17

 
17

Total interest income
710

 
590

INTEREST EXPENSE
 
 
 
Interest on deposits
52

 
16

Interest on short-term borrowings
1

 

Interest on medium- and long-term debt
51

 
25

Total interest expense
104

 
41

Net interest income
606

 
549

Provision for credit losses
(13
)
 
12

Net interest income after provision for credit losses
619

 
537

NONINTEREST INCOME
 
 
 
Card fees
63

 
59

Service charges on deposit accounts
51

 
54

Fiduciary income
49

 
52

Commercial lending fees
22

 
18

Foreign exchange income
11

 
12

Letter of credit fees
9

 
10

Bank-owned life insurance
9

 
9

Brokerage fees
7

 
7

Net securities (losses) gains
(8
)
 
1

Other noninterest income
25

 
22

Total noninterest income
238

 
244

NONINTEREST EXPENSES
 
 
 
Salaries and benefits expense
265

 
255

Outside processing fee expense
63

 
61

Net occupancy expense
37

 
38

Software expense
29

 
31

Equipment expense
12

 
11

FDIC insurance expense
5

 
13

Advertising expense
5

 
6

Restructuring charges

 
16

Other noninterest expenses
17

 
15

Total noninterest expenses
433

 
446

Income before income taxes
424

 
335

Provision for income taxes
85

 
54

NET INCOME
339

 
281

Less income allocated to participating securities
2

 
2

Net income attributable to common shares
$
337

 
$
279

Earnings per common share:
 
 
 
Basic
$
2.14

 
$
1.62

Diluted
2.11

 
1.59

 
 
 
 
Comprehensive income
435

 
178

 
 
 
 
Cash dividends declared on common stock
105

 
52

Cash dividends declared per common share
0.67

 
0.30

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).


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Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries


 
 
 
Accumulated
 
 
 
 
Common Stock
 
Other
 
 
Total
 
Shares
 
Capital
Comprehensive
Retained
Treasury
Shareholders'
(in millions, except per share data)
Outstanding
Amount
Surplus
Loss
Earnings
Stock
Equity
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2017
172.9

$
1,141

$
2,122

$
(451
)
$
7,887

$
(2,736
)
$
7,963

Cumulative effect of change in accounting principles



1

14


15

Net income




281


281

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax



(103
)


(103
)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.30 per share)




(52
)

(52
)
Purchase of common stock
(1.7
)




(159
)
(159
)
Net issuance of common stock under employee stock plans
1.2


(11
)

(17
)
59

31

Net issuance of common stock for warrants
0.1


(1
)

(3
)
4


Share-based compensation


24




24

BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2018
172.5

$
1,141

$
2,134

$
(553
)
$
8,110

$
(2,832
)
$
8,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2018
160.1

$
1,141

$
2,148

$
(609
)
$
8,781

$
(3,954
)
$
7,507

Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle




(14
)

(14
)
Net income




339


339

Other comprehensive income, net of tax



96



96

Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.67 per share)




(105
)

(105
)
Purchase of common stock
(5.2
)




(434
)
(434
)
Net issuance of common stock under employee stock plans
0.5


(13
)

(22
)
31

(4
)
Share-based compensation


24




24

BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2019
155.4

$
1,141

$
2,159

$
(513
)
$
8,979

$
(4,357
)
$
7,409

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).



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Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries


 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
Net income
$
339

 
$
281

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Provision for credit losses
(13
)
 
12

(Benefit) provision for deferred income taxes
(4
)
 
7

Depreciation and amortization
29

 
31

Net periodic defined benefit credit
(7
)
 
(5
)
Share-based compensation expense
24

 
24

Net amortization of securities

 
1

Net securities losses (gains)
8

 
(1
)
Net change in:
 
 
 
Accrued income receivable
(20
)
 
(26
)
Accrued expenses payable
(27
)
 
(22
)
Other, net
(289
)
 
56

Net cash provided by operating activities
40

 
358

INVESTING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
Maturities and redemptions
487

 
444

Sales
987

 
5

Purchases
(1,532
)
 
(441
)
Net change in loans
(151
)
 
(98
)
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed property

 
1

Net increase in premises and equipment
(16
)
 
(20
)
Purchases of Federal Home Loan Bank stock
(16
)
 
(41
)
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance settlements
2

 
3

Net cash used in investing activities
(239
)
 
(147
)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
Net change in:
 
 
 
Deposits
(1,586
)
 
(77
)
Short-term borrowings
891

 
38

Issuances and advances of medium- and long-term debt
350

 
1,000

Common stock:
 
 
 
Repurchases
(443
)
 
(168
)
Cash dividends paid
(99
)
 
(53
)
Issuances under employee stock plans
6

 
40

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
(881
)
 
780

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
(1,080
)
 
991

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
4,561

 
5,845

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
3,481

 
$
6,836

Interest paid
$
98

 
$
40

Income tax paid
12

 
2

Noncash investing and financing activities:
 
 
 
Loans transferred to other real estate

 
1

Securities transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale

 
1,266

Securities transferred from available-for-sale to equity securities

 
81

See notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with United States (U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation were included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019. Certain items in prior periods were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report of Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries (the Corporation) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Leases
Effective January 1, 2019, the Corporation adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” (ASU 2016-02), for all open leases with a term greater than one year as of the adoption date, using the modified retrospective approach. Prior comparable periods are presented in accordance with previous guidance under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 840, “Leases.”
Topic 842 requires the recognition of a lease liability measured as the present value of unpaid lease payments for operating leases where the Corporation is the lessee, and a corresponding right-of-use (ROU) asset for the right to use the leased properties. The Corporation elected not to reassess whether contracts are or contain leases, lease classification or initial direct costs for existing leases, a set of practical expedients for transition provided by ASU 2016-12. Further, the Corporation elected the practical expedient to use hindsight in determining the lease term and assessing impairment. The election of the hindsight practical expedient resulted in longer lease terms for a limited number of strategic locations based on relevant factors as of the adoption date.
The impact at adoption was increases of $329 million and $343 million to total assets and liabilities, respectively, and a $14 million reduction to retained earnings. The increase in total assets was due to the recognition of ROU assets recorded in accrued income and other assets, and the increase in total liabilities was due to corresponding recognition of lease payment liabilities recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
Operating lease liabilities reflect the Corporation’s obligation to make future lease payments, primarily for real estate locations. Lease terms typically comprise contractual terms but may include extension options reasonably assured of being exercised at lease inception for certain strategic locations such as regional headquarters. Payments are discounted using the rate the Corporation would pay to borrow amounts equal to the lease payments over the lease term (the Corporation’s incremental borrowing rate). The Corporation does not separate lease and non-lease components for contracts in which it is the lessee. ROU assets are measured based on lease liabilities adjusted for incentives and timing differences between operating lease expense and payments, recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, while variable lease payments are recognized as incurred. Common area maintenance and other executory costs are the main components of variable lease payments. Operating and variable lease expenses are recorded in net occupancy expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The Corporation is the lessor in sales-type, direct finance and leveraged lease arrangements. Leases are recorded at the principal balance outstanding, net of unearned income and charge-offs. Interest income is recognized using the interest method. The impact of adopting Topic 842 for lessor accounting was not significant.
Pending Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," (ASU 2016-13), which addresses concerns regarding the perceived delay in recognition of credit losses under the existing incurred loss model. The amendment introduces a new, single model for recognizing credit losses on all financial instruments presented on a cost basis. Under the new model, entities must estimate current expected credit losses by considering all available relevant information, including historical and current conditions, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events. The update also requires additional qualitative and quantitative disclosure to allow users to better understand the credit risk within the portfolio and the methodologies for determining the allowance for credit losses.
ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2020 and must be applied using the modified retrospective approach with limited exceptions. The Corporation’s cross-functional implementation team, led by the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Credit Officer, continued to make progress in accordance with the detailed implementation plan for adoption. In prior periods, the Corporation developed new credit estimation models and, in the first quarter 2019, completed internal validation of

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Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

the models. The Corporation is currently finalizing and documenting new processes and controls, challenging current model assumptions and outputs, refining the qualitative framework as well as drafting policies and disclosures. Additionally, limited parallel runs, which began in the fourth quarter 2018, will be enhanced throughout 2019 as the end-to-end processes, controls and policies are finalized.
The ultimate impact of ASU 2016-13 will depend on the composition of the portfolio as well as economic conditions and forecasts at the time of adoption. Based on current factors, the overall allowance for credit losses is not expected to materially change due to the portfolio’s relatively short average contractual life. The commercial portfolio, which comprises most of the Corporation’s portfolio, consists of loans and lending arrangements with short contractual maturities which are expected to result in a slight reduction to the allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is expected to increase for the consumer portfolio given its longer contractual maturities. The standard will be adopted in first quarter 2020.
NOTE 2 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The Corporation utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The determination of fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. In cases where quoted market values in an active market are not available, the Corporation uses present value techniques and other valuation methods to estimate the fair values of its financial instruments. These valuation methods require considerable judgment and the resulting estimates of fair value can be significantly affected by the assumptions made and methods used.
Equity securities, investment securities available-for-sale, derivatives and deferred compensation plan assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Corporation may be required to record other assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans, other real estate (primarily foreclosed property), nonmarketable equity securities and certain other assets and liabilities. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve write-downs of individual assets or application of lower of cost or fair value accounting.
Refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in the Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for further information about the fair value hierarchy, descriptions of the valuation methodologies and key inputs used to measure financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, as well as a description of the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair value disclosures for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in their entirety on a recurring basis.

6

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
(in millions)
Total
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred compensation plan assets
$
91

 
$
91

 
$

 
$

 
Equity securities
43

 
43

 

 

 
Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
2,756

 
2,756

 

 

 
Residential mortgage-backed securities (a)
9,456

 

 
9,456

 

 
Total investment securities available-for-sale
12,212

 
2,756

 
9,456

 

 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
112

 

 
98

 
14

 
Energy derivative contracts
96

 

 
96

 

 
Foreign exchange contracts
15

 

 
15

 

 
Total derivative assets
223

 

 
209

 
14

 
Total assets at fair value
$
12,569

 
$
2,890

 
$
9,665

 
$
14

 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
47

 
$

 
$
47

 
$

 
Energy derivative contracts
93

 

 
93

 

 
Foreign exchange contracts
9

 

 
9

 

 
Total derivative liabilities
149

 

 
149

 

 
Deferred compensation plan liabilities
91

 
91

 

 

 
Total liabilities at fair value
$
240

 
$
91

 
$
149

 
$

 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred compensation plan assets
$
88

 
$
88

 
$

 
$

 
Equity securities
43

 
43

 

 

 
Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
2,727

 
2,727

 

 

 
Residential mortgage-backed securities (a)
9,318

 

 
9,318

 

 
Total investment securities available-for-sale
12,045

 
2,727


9,318



 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
67

 

 
58

 
9

 
Energy derivative contracts
189

 

 
189

 

 
Foreign exchange contracts
19

 

 
19

 

 
Total derivative assets
275

 

 
266

 
9

 
Total assets at fair value
$
12,451

 
$
2,858

 
$
9,584

 
$
9

 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
70

 
$

 
$
70

 
$

 
Energy derivative contracts
186

 

 
186

 

 
Foreign exchange contracts
13

 

 
13

 

 
Total derivative liabilities
269

 

 
269

 

 
Deferred compensation plan liabilities
88

 
88

 

 

 
Total liabilities at fair value
$
357

 
$
88

 
$
269

 
$

 
(a)
Issued and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises.
There were no transfers of assets or liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis into or out of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurements during each of the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

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Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
 
 
Net Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) (Pretax) Recorded in Earnings (b)
 
 
 
 
 
Balance 
at
Beginning
of Period
 
Change in Classification (a)
 
 
 
 
Balance at End of Period
 
 
 
 
Sales and Redemptions
 
(in millions)
 
 
Realized
Unrealized
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
9

 
$

 
$

 
$
5

 
 
$

 
$
14

Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
$

 
$
44

 
$

 
$

 
 
$
(44
)
 
$

Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State and municipal securities (c)
5

 

 

 

 
 
(5
)
 

Equity and other non-debt securities (c)
44

 
(44
)
 

 

 
 

 

Total investment securities available-for-sale
49

 
(44
)
 

 

 
 
(5
)
 

Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
14

 



 
(7
)
 
 

 
7

(a)
Reflects the reclassification of equity securities resulting from the adoption of ASU 2016-01.
(b)
Realized and unrealized gains and losses due to changes in fair value are recorded in other noninterest income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
(c)
Auction-rate securities.
Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Corporation may be required to record certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These include assets that are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, and were recognized at fair value since it was less than cost at the end of the period.
The following table presents assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. No liabilities were recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
(in millions)
Level 3
March 31, 2019
 
Loans:
 
Commercial
$
40

Commercial mortgage
2

Total assets at fair value
$
42

December 31, 2018
 
Loans:
 
Commercial
$
33

Commercial mortgage
2

Total assets at fair value
$
35

Level 3 assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 included loans for which a specific allowance was established based on the fair value of collateral. The unobservable inputs were the additional adjustments applied by management to the appraised values to reflect such factors as non-current appraisals and revisions to estimated time to sell. These adjustments are determined based on qualitative judgments made by management on a case-by-case basis and are not quantifiable inputs, although they are used in the determination of fair value.
Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The Corporation typically holds the majority of its financial instruments until maturity and thus does not expect to realize many of the estimated fair value amounts disclosed. The disclosures also do not include estimated fair value amounts for items that are not defined as financial instruments, but which have significant value. These include such items as core deposit intangibles, the future earnings potential of significant customer relationships and the value of trust operations and other fee generating businesses. The Corporation believes the imprecision of an estimate could be significant.

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Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value in their entirety on a recurring basis on the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Estimated Fair Value
(in millions)
 
Total
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
1,063

 
$
1,063

 
$
1,063

 
$

 
$

Interest-bearing deposits with banks
2,418

 
2,418

 
2,418

 

 

Loans held-for-sale
2

 
2

 

 
2

 

Total loans, net of allowance for loan losses (a)
49,655

 
50,154

 

 

 
50,154

Customers’ liability on acceptances outstanding
4

 
4

 
4

 

 

Restricted equity investments
264

 
264

 
264

 

 

Nonmarketable equity securities (b)
6

 
10

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demand deposits (noninterest-bearing)
26,242

 
26,242

 

 
26,242

 

Interest-bearing deposits
25,073

 
25,073

 

 
25,073

 

Certificates of deposit
2,776

 
2,751

 

 
2,751

 

Total deposits
54,091

 
54,066

 

 
54,066

 

Short-term borrowings
935

 
935

 
935

 

 

Acceptances outstanding
4

 
4

 
4

 

 

Medium- and long-term debt
6,848

 
6,862

 

 
6,862

 

Credit-related financial instruments
(55
)
 
(55
)
 

 

 
(55
)
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
1,390

 
$
1,390

 
$
1,390

 
$

 
$

Interest-bearing deposits with banks
3,171

 
3,171

 
3,171

 

 

Loans held-for-sale
3

 
3

 

 
3

 

Total loans, net of allowance for loan losses (a)
49,492

 
48,889

 

 

 
48,889

Customers’ liability on acceptances outstanding
4

 
4

 
4

 

 

Restricted equity investments
248

 
248

 
248

 

 

Nonmarketable equity securities (b)
6

 
11

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demand deposits (noninterest-bearing)
28,690

 
28,690

 

 
28,690

 

Interest-bearing deposits
24,740

 
24,740

 

 
24,740

 

Certificates of deposit
2,131

 
2,100

 

 
2,100

 

Total deposits
55,561

 
55,530

 

 
55,530

 

Short-term borrowings
44

 
44

 
44

 

 

Acceptances outstanding
4

 
4

 
4

 

 

Medium- and long-term debt
6,463

 
6,436

 

 
6,436

 

Credit-related financial instruments
(57
)
 
(57
)
 

 

 
(57
)
(a)
Included $42 million and $35 million of impaired loans recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
(b)
Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in the table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

9

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

NOTE 3 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES
A summary of the Corporation’s investment securities follows:
(in millions)
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
$
2,742

 
$
19

 
$
5

 
$
2,756

Residential mortgage-backed securities (a)
9,533

 
36

 
113

 
9,456

Total investment securities available-for-sale
$
12,275

 
$
55

 
$
118

 
$
12,212

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
$
2,732

 
$
14

 
$
19

 
$
2,727

Residential mortgage-backed securities (a)
9,493

 
22

 
197

 
9,318

Total investment securities available-for-sale
$
12,225

 
$
36

 
$
216

 
$
12,045

(a)
Issued and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises.
A summary of the Corporation’s investment securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 follows:
 
Temporarily Impaired
 
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or more
 
Total
(in millions)
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
$
1,100

 
$
3

 
 
$
378

 
$
2

 
 
$
1,478

 
$
5

 
Residential mortgage-backed securities (a)
368

 

 
 
6,379

 
113

 
 
6,747

 
113

 
Total temporarily impaired securities
$
1,468

 
$
3

 
 
$
6,757


$
115

 
 
$
8,225

 
$
118

 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
$

 
$

 
 
$
1,457

 
$
19

 
 
$
1,457

 
$
19

 
Residential mortgage-backed securities (a)
1,008

 
9

 
 
6,412

 
188

 
 
7,420

 
197

 
Total temporarily impaired securities
$
1,008

 
$
9

 
 
$
7,869

 
$
207

 
 
$
8,877

 
$
216

 
(a)
Issued and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises.
At March 31, 2019, the Corporation had 324 securities in an unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, including 13 U.S. Treasury securities and 311 residential mortgage-backed securities. The unrealized losses for these securities resulted from changes in market interest rates and liquidity, not changes in credit quality. The Corporation ultimately expects full collection of the carrying amount of these securities, does not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position, and it is not more-likely-than-not that the Corporation will be required to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position prior to recovery of amortized cost. The Corporation does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2019.
Sales, calls and write-downs of investment securities available-for-sale resulted in the following gains and losses recorded in net securities (losses) gains on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, computed based on the adjusted cost of the specific security.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Securities gains
$

 
$
1

Securities losses
(8
)
 

Net securities (losses) gains
$
(8
)
 
$
1


10

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair values of debt securities by contractual maturity. Securities with multiple maturity dates are classified in the period of final maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
(in millions)
 
March 31, 2019
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
Contractual maturity
 
 
 
After one year through five years
$
2,784

 
$
2,797

After five years through ten years
1,396

 
1,390

After ten years
8,095

 
8,025

Total investment securities
$
12,275

 
$
12,212

Included in the contractual maturity distribution in the table above were residential mortgage-backed securities with total amortized cost and fair value of $9.5 billion. The actual cash flows of mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturity as the borrowers of the underlying loans may exercise prepayment options.
At March 31, 2019, investment securities with a carrying value of $398 million were pledged where permitted or required by law to secure $226 million of liabilities, primarily public and other deposits of state and local government agencies as well as derivative instruments.

11

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

NOTE 4 – CREDIT QUALITY AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The following table presents an aging analysis of the recorded balance of loans.
 
Loans Past Due and Still Accruing
 
 
 
 
 
 
(in millions)
30-59
Days
 
60-89 
Days
 
90 Days
or More
 
Total
 
Nonaccrual
Loans
 
Current
Loans
 
Total 
Loans
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
58

 
$
16

 
$
19

 
$
93

 
$
114

 
$
31,800

 
$
32,007

Real estate construction:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)

 

 

 

 

 
2,888

 
2,888

Other business lines (b)
6

 

 

 
6

 

 
397

 
403

Total real estate construction
6

 

 

 
6

 

 
3,285

 
3,291

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
4

 

 

 
4

 
2

 
1,733

 
1,739

Other business lines (b)
14

 
8

 
5

 
27

 
14

 
7,209

 
7,250

Total commercial mortgage
18

 
8

 
5

 
31

 
16

 
8,942

 
8,989

Lease financing

 

 

 

 
2

 
533

 
535

International
15

 

 

 
15

 
3

 
1,022

 
1,040

Total business loans
97

 
24

 
24

 
145

 
135

 
45,582

 
45,862

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
19

 
2

 

 
21

 
37

 
1,891

 
1,949

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
3

 
1

 

 
4

 
19

 
1,740

 
1,763

Other consumer
1

 

 

 
1

 

 
727

 
728

Total consumer
4

 
1

 

 
5

 
19

 
2,467

 
2,491

Total retail loans
23

 
3

 

 
26

 
56

 
4,358

 
4,440

Total loans
$
120

 
$
27

 
$
24

 
$
171

 
$
191

 
$
49,940

 
$
50,302

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
34

 
$
26

 
$
8

 
$
68

 
$
141

 
$
31,767

 
$
31,976

Real estate construction:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
6

 

 

 
6

 

 
2,681

 
2,687

Other business lines (b)
6

 

 

 
6

 

 
384

 
390

Total real estate construction
12

 

 

 
12

 

 
3,065

 
3,077

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
4

 

 

 
4

 
2

 
1,737

 
1,743

Other business lines (b)
32

 
5

 
8

 
45

 
18

 
7,300

 
7,363

Total commercial mortgage
36

 
5

 
8

 
49

 
20

 
9,037

 
9,106

Lease financing

 

 

 

 
2

 
505

 
507

International

 

 

 

 
3

 
1,010

 
1,013

Total business loans
82

 
31

 
16

 
129

 
166

 
45,384

 
45,679

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
11

 
3

 

 
14

 
36

 
1,920

 
1,970

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
4

 
1

 

 
5

 
19

 
1,741

 
1,765

Other consumer
1

 

 

 
1

 

 
748

 
749

Total consumer
5

 
1

 

 
6

 
19

 
2,489

 
2,514

Total retail loans
16

 
4

 

 
20

 
55

 
4,409

 
4,484

Total loans
$
98

 
$
35

 
$
16

 
$
149

 
$
221

 
$
49,793

 
$
50,163

(a)
Primarily loans to real estate developers.
(b)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.

12

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator, based on internal risk ratings assigned to each business loan at the time of approval and subjected to subsequent reviews, generally at least annually, and to pools of retail loans with similar risk characteristics.
 
Internally Assigned Rating
 
 
(in millions)
Pass (a)
 
Special
Mention (b)
 
Substandard (c)
 
Nonaccrual (d)
 
Total
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
30,669

 
$
590

 
$
634

 
$
114

 
$
32,007

Real estate construction:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (e)
2,865

 
23

 

 

 
2,888

Other business lines (f)
399

 
4

 

 

 
403

Total real estate construction
3,264

 
27

 

 

 
3,291

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (e)
1,678

 
14

 
45

 
2

 
1,739

Other business lines (f)
7,003

 
157

 
76

 
14

 
7,250

Total commercial mortgage
8,681

 
171

 
121

 
16

 
8,989

Lease financing
522

 
9

 
2

 
2

 
535

International
986

 
38

 
13

 
3

 
1,040

Total business loans
44,122

 
835

 
770

 
135

 
45,862

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
1,911

 
1

 

 
37

 
1,949

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
1,736

 

 
8

 
19

 
1,763

Other consumer
727

 
1

 

 

 
728

Total consumer
2,463

 
1

 
8

 
19

 
2,491

Total retail loans
4,374

 
2

 
8

 
56

 
4,440

Total loans
$
48,496

 
$
837

 
$
778

 
$
191

 
$
50,302

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
30,817

 
$
464

 
$
554

 
$
141

 
$
31,976

Real estate construction:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (e)
2,664

 
23

 

 

 
2,687

Other business lines (f)
382

 
8

 

 

 
390

Total real estate construction
3,046

 
31

 

 

 
3,077

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (e)
1,682

 
14

 
45

 
2

 
1,743

Other business lines (f)
7,157

 
118

 
70

 
18

 
7,363

Total commercial mortgage
8,839

 
132

 
115

 
20

 
9,106

Lease financing
500

 
3

 
2

 
2

 
507

International
996

 
4

 
10

 
3

 
1,013

Total business loans
44,198

 
634

 
681

 
166

 
45,679

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
1,931

 
3

 

 
36

 
1,970

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
1,738

 

 
8

 
19

 
1,765

Other consumer
748

 
1

 

 

 
749

Total consumer
2,486

 
1

 
8

 
19

 
2,514

Total retail loans
4,417

 
4

 
8

 
55

 
4,484

Total loans
$
48,615

 
$
638

 
$
689

 
$
221

 
$
50,163

(a)
Includes all loans not included in the categories of special mention, substandard or nonaccrual.
(b)
Special mention loans are accruing loans that have potential credit weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention, such as loans to borrowers who may be experiencing financial difficulties that may result in deterioration of repayment prospects from the borrower at some future date. This category is generally consistent with the "special mention" category as defined by regulatory authorities.
(c)
Substandard loans are accruing loans that have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, such as loans to borrowers who may be experiencing losses from operations or inadequate liquidity of a degree and duration that jeopardizes the orderly repayment of the loan. Substandard loans also are distinguished by the distinct possibility of loss in the future if these weaknesses are not corrected. This category is generally consistent with the "substandard" category as defined by regulatory authorities.
(d)
Nonaccrual loans are loans for which the accrual of interest has been discontinued. For further information regarding nonaccrual loans, refer to the Nonperforming Assets subheading in Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies - on pages F-52 and F-53 in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report. A significant majority of nonaccrual loans are generally consistent with the "substandard" category and the remainder are generally consistent with the "doubtful" category as defined by regulatory authorities.
(e)
Primarily loans to real estate developers.
(f)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.

13

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table summarizes nonperforming assets.
(in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Nonaccrual loans
$
191

 
$
221

Reduced-rate loans (a)
7

 
8

Total nonperforming loans
198

 
229

Foreclosed property (b)
1

 
1

Total nonperforming assets
$
199

 
$
230

(a)
There were no reduced-rate business loans at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Reduced-rate retail loans were $7 million and $8 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
(b)
There were no foreclosed residential real estate properties at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
There were $1 million of retail loans secured by residential real estate properties in process of foreclosure included in nonaccrual loans at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table details the changes in the allowance for loan losses and related loan amounts.
 
2019
 
2018
(in millions)
Business Loans
 
Retail Loans
 
Total
 
Business Loans
 
Retail Loans
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
627

 
$
44

 
$
671

 
$
661

 
$
51

 
$
712

Loan charge-offs
(19
)
 
(1
)
 
(20
)
 
(36
)
 
(1
)
 
(37
)
Recoveries on loans previously charged-off
8

 
1

 
9

 
8

 
1

 
9

Net loan charge-offs
(11
)
 

 
(11
)
 
(28
)
 

 
(28
)
Provision for loan losses
(8
)
 
(5
)
 
(13
)
 
20

 
(6
)
 
14

Balance at end of period
$
608

 
$
39

 
$
647

 
$
653

 
$
45

 
$
698

As a percentage of total loans
1.33
%
 
0.88
%
 
1.29
%
 
1.46
%
 
0.99
%
 
1.42
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
$
35

 
$

 
$
35

 
$
42

 
$

 
$
42

Collectively evaluated for impairment
573

 
39

 
612

 
611

 
45

 
656

Total allowance for loan losses
$
608

 
$
39

 
$
647

 
$
653

 
$
45

 
$
698

Loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
$
202

 
$
34

 
$
236

 
$
384

 
$
31

 
$
415

Collectively evaluated for impairment
45,660

 
4,406

 
50,066

 
44,339

 
4,486

 
48,825

Total loans evaluated for impairment
$
45,862

 
$
4,440

 
$
50,302

 
$
44,723

 
$
4,517

 
$
49,240

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are summarized in the following table.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Balance at beginning of period
$
30

 
$
42

Provision for credit losses on lending-related commitments

 
(2
)
Balance at end of period
$
30

 
$
40


14

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Individually Evaluated Impaired Loans
The following table presents additional information regarding individually evaluated impaired loans.
 
Recorded Investment In:
 
 
 
 
(in millions)
Impaired
Loans with
No Related
Allowance
 
Impaired
Loans with
Related
Allowance
 
Total
Impaired
Loans
 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 
Related
Allowance
for Loan
Losses
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
30

 
$
114

 
$
144

 
$
194

 
$
33

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
39

 

 
39

 
49

 

Other business lines (b)
2

 
13

 
15

 
20

 
2

Total commercial mortgage
41

 
13

 
54

 
69

 
2

Lease financing

 
1

 
1

 
1

 

International
2

 
1

 
3

 
9

 

Total business loans
73

 
129

 
202

 
273

 
35

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
16

 
8

 
24

 
25

 

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
9

 

 
9

 
11

 

Other consumer
1

 

 
1

 
1

 

Total consumer
10

 

 
10

 
12

 

Total retail loans (c)
26

 
8

 
34

 
37

 

Total individually evaluated impaired loans
$
99

 
$
137

 
$
236

 
$
310

 
$
35

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
50

 
$
130

 
$
180

 
$
227

 
$
24

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
39

 

 
39

 
49

 

Other business lines (b)
2

 
16

 
18

 
23

 
3

Total commercial mortgage
41

 
16

 
57

 
72

 
3

International
2

 
1

 
3

 
8

 

Total business loans
93

 
147

 
240

 
307

 
27

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
16

 
8

 
24

 
25

 

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
11

 

 
11

 
13

 

Other consumer
1

 

 
1

 
1

 

Total consumer
12

 

 
12

 
14

 

Total retail loans (c)
28

 
8

 
36

 
39

 

Total individually evaluated impaired loans
$
121

 
$
155

 
$
276

 
$
346

 
$
27

(a)
Primarily loans to real estate developers.
(b)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.
(c)
Individually evaluated retail loans generally have no related allowance for loan losses, primarily due to policy which results in direct write-downs of most restructured retail loans.

15

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table presents information regarding average individually evaluated impaired loans and the related interest recognized as of March 31, 2019 and 2018. Interest income recognized for the period primarily related to performing restructured loans.
 
Individually Evaluated Impaired Loans
 
2019
 
2018
(in millions)
Average Balance for the Period
 
Interest Income Recognized for the Period
 
Average Balance for the Period
 
Interest Income Recognized for the Period
Three Months Ended March 31
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
$
162

 
$
1

 
$
344

 
$
1

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
39

 
1

 
40

 
1

Other business lines (b)
16

 

 
25

 

Total commercial mortgage
55

 
1

 
65

 
1

Lease financing
1

 

 

 

International
3

 

 
5

 

Total business loans
221

 
2

 
414

 
2

Retail loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
24

 

 
20

 

Consumer loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity
10

 

 
11

 

Other consumer
1

 

 
1

 

Total consumer
11

 

 
12

 

Total retail loans
35

 

 
32

 

Total individually evaluated impaired loans
$
256

 
$
2

 
$
446

 
$
2

(a)
Primarily loans to real estate developers.
(b)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
The following table details the recorded balance at March 31, 2019 and 2018 of loans considered to be troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) that were restructured during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, all of which were principal deferrals.
 
Principal Deferrals (a)
(in millions)
2019
2018
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
Commercial
$
12

 
$
28

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
Other business lines (b)
1

 
1

Total business loans
13

 
29

Retail loans:
 
 
 
Consumer:
 
 
 
Home equity (c)

 
1

Total loans
$
13

 
$
30

(a)
Primarily represents loan balances where terms were extended 90 days or more at or above contractual interest rates.
(b)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.
(c)
Includes bankruptcy loans for which the court has discharged the borrower's obligation and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt.
The Corporation charges interest on principal balances outstanding during deferral periods. Additionally, none of the modifications involved forgiveness of principal. As a result, the current and future financial effects of the recorded balance of loans considered to be TDRs that were restructured during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were insignificant.


16

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose terms have been modified in TDRs totaled $24 million and $20 million, respectively. On an ongoing basis, the Corporation monitors the performance of modified loans to their restructured terms. The allowance for loan losses continues to be reassessed on the basis of an individual evaluation of the loan.
The following table presents information regarding the recorded balance at March 31, 2019 and 2018 of loans modified by principal deferral during the twelve-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
Principal Deferrals
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
March 31
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
Commercial
$
26

 
$
90

Commercial mortgage:
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)

 
37

Other business lines (b)
2

 
2

Total commercial mortgage
2

 
39

Total business loans
28

 
129

Retail loans:
 
 
 
Consumer:
 
 
 
Home equity (c)
1

 
2

Total loans
$
29

 
$
131

(a)
Primarily loans to real estate developers.
(b)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.
(c)
Includes bankruptcy loans for which the court has discharged the borrower's obligation and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt.
During the twelve-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, loans with a carrying value of $4 million and $17 million, respectively, were modified by interest rate reduction (reduced-rate loans). There were no loans restructured into two notes (AB note restructures) during the twelve-month period ended March 31, 2019, compared to loans with a carrying value of $20 million restructured during the twelve-month period ended March 31, 2018.
For principal deferrals, incremental deterioration in the credit quality of the loan, represented by a downgrade in the risk rating of the loan, for example, due to missed interest payments or a reduction of collateral value, is considered a subsequent default. For interest rate reductions and AB note restructures, a subsequent payment default is defined in terms of delinquency, when a principal or interest payment is 90 days past due. There were no subsequent defaults of principal deferrals, interest rate reductions or AB note restructures during both the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
NOTE 5 - DERIVATIVE AND CREDIT-RELATED FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
In the normal course of business, the Corporation enters into various transactions involving derivative and credit-related financial instruments to manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rate, foreign currency and other market risks and to meet the financing needs of customers (customer-initiated derivatives). These financial instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of market and credit risk. Market and credit risk are included in the determination of fair value.
Market risk is the potential loss that may result from movements in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or energy commodity prices that cause an unfavorable change in the value of a financial instrument. The Corporation manages this risk by establishing monetary exposure limits and monitoring compliance with those limits. Market risk inherent in interest rate and energy contracts entered into on behalf of customers is mitigated by taking offsetting positions, except in those circumstances when the amount, tenor and/or contract rate level results in negligible economic risk, whereby the cost of purchasing an offsetting contract is not economically justifiable. The Corporation mitigates most of the inherent market risk in foreign exchange contracts entered into on behalf of customers by taking offsetting positions and manages the remainder through individual foreign currency position limits and aggregate value-at-risk limits. These limits are established annually and positions are monitored quarterly. Market risk inherent in derivative instruments held or issued for risk management purposes is typically offset by changes in the fair value of the assets or liabilities being hedged.
Credit risk is the possible loss that may occur in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to a financial instrument. The Corporation attempts to minimize credit risk arising from customer-initiated derivatives by evaluating the creditworthiness of each customer, adhering to the same credit approval process used for traditional lending activities and obtaining collateral as deemed necessary. Derivatives with dealer counterparties are either cleared through a clearinghouse or settled directly with a single counterparty. For derivatives settled directly with dealer counterparties, the Corporation utilizes counterparty risk limits and monitoring procedures as well as master netting arrangements and bilateral collateral agreements to facilitate the management of

17

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

credit risk. Master netting arrangements effectively reduce credit risk by permitting settlement of positive and negative positions and offset cash collateral held with the same counterparty on a net basis. Bilateral collateral agreements require daily exchange of cash or highly rated securities issued by the U.S. Treasury or other U.S. government entities to collateralize amounts due to either party. At March 31, 2019, counterparties with bilateral collateral agreements deposited $23 million of cash with the Corporation to secure the fair value of contracts in an unrealized gain position, and the Corporation had pledged $12 million of marketable investment securities and posted $18 million of cash as collateral for contracts in an unrealized loss position. For those counterparties not covered under bilateral collateral agreements, collateral is obtained, if deemed necessary, based on the results of management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral varies, but may include cash, investment securities, accounts receivable, equipment or real estate. Included in the fair value of derivative instruments are credit valuation adjustments reflecting counterparty credit risk. These adjustments are determined by applying a credit spread for the counterparty or the Corporation, as appropriate, to the total expected exposure of the derivative. There were no derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position at March 31, 2019.
Derivative Instruments
Derivative instruments utilized by the Corporation are negotiated over-the-counter and primarily include swaps, caps and floors, forward contracts and options, each of which may relate to interest rates, energy commodity prices or foreign currency exchange rates. Swaps are agreements in which two parties periodically exchange cash payments based on specified indices applied to a specified notional amount until a stated maturity. Caps and floors are agreements which entitle the buyer to receive cash payments based on the difference between a specified reference rate or price and an agreed strike rate or price, applied to a specified notional amount until a stated maturity. Forward contracts are over-the-counter agreements to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date and price. Options are similar to forward contracts except the purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the asset during a specified period or at a specified future date.
Over-the-counter contracts are tailored to meet the needs of the counterparties involved and, therefore, contain a greater degree of credit risk and liquidity risk than exchange-traded contracts, which have standardized terms and readily available price information. The Corporation reduces exposure to market and liquidity risks from over-the-counter derivative instruments entered into for risk management purposes, and transactions entered into to mitigate the market risk associated with customer-initiated transactions, by conducting hedging transactions with investment grade domestic and foreign financial institutions and subjecting counterparties to credit approvals, limits and collateral monitoring procedures similar to those used in making other extensions of credit. In addition, certain derivative contracts executed bilaterally with a dealer counterparty in the over-the-counter market are cleared through a clearinghouse, whereby the clearinghouse becomes the counterparty to the transaction.


18

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table presents the composition of the Corporation’s derivative instruments held or issued for risk management purposes or in connection with customer-initiated and other activities at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The table excludes commitments and warrants accounted for as derivatives.
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
 
 
Fair Value
(in millions)
Notional/
Contract
Amount (a)
 
Gross Derivative Assets
 
Gross Derivative Liabilities
 
Notional/
Contract
Amount (a)
 
Gross Derivative Assets
 
Gross Derivative Liabilities
Risk management purposes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swaps - fair value - receive fixed/pay floating
$
2,975

 
$

 
$
2

 
$
2,625

 
$

 
$
2

Swaps - cash flow - receive fixed/pay floating
800

 

 

 

 

 

Derivatives used as economic hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Spot, forwards and swaps
382

 
2

 

 
302

 
1

 
1

Total risk management purposes
4,157

 
2

 
2

 
2,927

 
1

 
3

Customer-initiated and other activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caps and floors written
908

 

 
1

 
885

 

 
1

Caps and floors purchased
908

 
1

 

 
885

 
1

 

Swaps
13,613

 
111

 
44

 
13,115

 
66

 
67

Total interest rate contracts
15,429

 
112

 
45

 
14,885

 
67

 
68

Energy contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caps and floors written
414

 

 
21

 
278

 

 
26

Caps and floors purchased
414

 
21

 

 
278

 
26

 

Swaps
1,957

 
75

 
72

 
2,094

 
163

 
160

Total energy contracts
2,785

 
96

 
93

 
2,650

 
189

 
186

Foreign exchange contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Spot, forwards, options and swaps
1,289

 
13

 
9

 
1,095

 
18

 
12

Total customer-initiated and other activities
19,503

 
221

 
147

 
18,630

 
274

 
266

Total gross derivatives
$
23,660

 
$
223

 
$
149

 
$
21,557

 
$
275

 
$
269

Amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Netting adjustment - Offsetting derivative assets/liabilities
 
 
(65
)
 
(65
)
 
 
 
(45
)
 
(45
)
Netting adjustment - Cash collateral received/posted
 
 
(18
)
 
(18
)
 
 
 
(174
)
 
(1
)
Net derivatives included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (b)

 
140

 
66

 



56

 
223

Amounts not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable securities pledged under bilateral collateral agreements
 
 

 
(10
)
 
 
 
(1
)
 

Net derivatives after deducting amounts not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets


 
$
140

 
$
56

 


 
$
55

 
$
223

(a)
Notional or contractual amounts, which represent the extent of involvement in the derivatives market, are used to determine the contractual cash flows required in accordance with the terms of the agreement. These amounts are typically not exchanged, significantly exceed amounts subject to credit or market risk and are not reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(b)
Net derivative assets are included in accrued income and other assets and net derivative liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Included in the fair value of net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities are credit valuation adjustments reflecting counterparty credit risk and credit risk of the Corporation. The fair value of net derivative assets included credit valuation adjustments for counterparty credit risk of $3 million and $2 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.


19

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Risk Management
The Corporation's derivative instruments used for managing interest rate risk currently comprise swaps converting fixed-rate long-term debt to variable rates and variable-rate loans to fixed rates.
The following table details the effects of fair value hedging on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
 
Interest on Medium- and Long-Term Debt
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Total interest on medium-and long-term debt (a)
$
51

 
$
25

 
 
 
 
Fair value hedging relationships:
 
 
 
  Interest rate contracts:
 
 
 
  Hedged items
26

 
15

  Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
1

 
(3
)
(a) Includes the effects of hedging.
The impact of cash flow hedging was insignificant for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The following table summarizes the expected weighted average remaining maturity of the notional amount of risk management interest rate swaps, the carrying amount of the related hedged items and the weighted average interest rates associated with amounts expected to be received or paid on interest rate swap agreements as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted Average
(dollar amounts in millions)
Derivative Notional
Amount
 
Carrying Value of Hedged Items (a)
 
Remaining
Maturity
(in years)
 
Receive Rate
 
Pay Rate (b)
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swaps - cash flow - receive fixed/pay floating rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Variable rate loans
$
800

 
$
800

 
3.0
 
2.34
%
 
2.49
%
Swaps - fair value - receive fixed/pay floating rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medium- and long-term debt
2,975

 
3,048

 
4.4
 
3.47

 
3.56

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swaps - fair value - receive fixed/pay floating rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medium- and long-term debt
2,625

 
2,663

 
3.9
 
3.40

 
3.45

(a)
Included $88 million and $49 million of cumulative hedging adjustments to fair value hedges at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which included $7 million and $8 million, respectively, of hedging adjustment on a discontinued hedging relationship.
(b)
Variable rates paid on receive fixed swaps designated as fair value and cash flow hedges are based on one- and six-month LIBOR rates in effect at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Foreign exchange rate risk arises from changes in the value of certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. The Corporation employs spot and forward contracts in addition to swap contracts to manage exposure to these and other risks. These instruments are used as economic hedges and net gains or losses are included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Customer-Initiated and Other
The Corporation enters into derivative transactions at the request of customers and generally takes offsetting positions with dealer counterparties to mitigate the inherent market risk. Income primarily results from the spread between the customer derivative and the offsetting dealer position.
For customer-initiated foreign exchange contracts where offsetting positions have not been taken, the Corporation manages the remaining inherent market risk through individual foreign currency position limits and aggregate value-at-risk limits. These limits are established annually and reviewed quarterly. For those customer-initiated derivative contracts which were not offset or where the Corporation holds a position within the limits described above, the Corporation recognized no net gains or losses in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for both the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.


20

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Fair values of customer-initiated and other derivative instruments represent the net unrealized gains or losses on such contracts and are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in fair value are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The net gains recognized in income on customer-initiated derivative instruments, net of the impact of offsetting positions, were as follows.
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
 
Location of Gain
2019
 
2018
Interest rate contracts
 
Other noninterest income
$
6

 
$
4

Energy contracts
 
Other noninterest income
1

 

Foreign exchange contracts
 
Foreign exchange income
11

 
12

Total
 
 
$
18

 
$
16

Credit-Related Financial Instruments
The Corporation issues off-balance sheet financial instruments in connection with commercial and consumer lending activities. The Corporation’s credit risk associated with these instruments is represented by the contractual amounts indicated in the following table.
(in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Unused commitments to extend credit:
 
 
 
Commercial and other
$
23,629

 
$
24,266

Bankcard, revolving check credit and home equity loan commitments
3,054

 
3,001

Total unused commitments to extend credit
$
26,683

 
$
27,267

Standby letters of credit
$
3,211

 
$
3,244

Commercial letters of credit
29

 
39

The Corporation maintains an allowance to cover probable credit losses inherent in lending-related commitments, including unused commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and financial guarantees. The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $30 million at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Unused Commitments to Extend Credit
Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to a customer, provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many commitments expire without being drawn upon, the total contractual amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Corporation. Commercial and other unused commitments are primarily variable rate commitments. The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments included $23 million and $24 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, for probable credit losses inherent in the Corporation’s unused commitments to extend credit.
Standby and Commercial Letters of Credit
Standby letters of credit represent conditional obligations of the Corporation which guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing and similar transactions. Commercial letters of credit are issued to finance foreign or domestic trade transactions. These contracts expire in decreasing amounts through the year 2028. The Corporation may enter into participation arrangements with third parties that effectively reduce the maximum amount of future payments which may be required under standby and commercial letters of credit. These risk participations covered $126 million and $136 million of the $3.2 billion and $3.3 billion standby and commercial letters of credit outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The carrying value of the Corporation’s standby and commercial letters of credit, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, totaled $33 million at March 31, 2019, including $26 million in deferred fees and $7 million in the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments. At December 31, 2018, the comparable amounts were $34 million, $28 million and $6 million, respectively.
The following table presents a summary of criticized standby and commercial letters of credit at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The Corporation's criticized list is generally consistent with the Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful categories defined by regulatory authorities. The Corporation manages credit risk through underwriting, periodically reviewing and approving its credit exposures using Board committee approved credit policies and guidelines.


21

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

(dollar amounts in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Total criticized standby and commercial letters of credit
$
50

 
$
49

As a percentage of total outstanding standby and commercial letters of credit
1.5
%
 
1.5
%
Other Credit-Related Financial Instruments
The Corporation enters into credit risk participation agreements, under which the Corporation assumes credit exposure associated with a borrower’s performance related to certain interest rate derivative contracts. The Corporation is not a party to the interest rate derivative contracts and only enters into these credit risk participation agreements in instances in which the Corporation is also a party to the related loan participation agreement for such borrowers. The Corporation manages its credit risk on the credit risk participation agreements by monitoring the creditworthiness of the borrowers, which is based on the normal credit review process had it entered into the derivative instruments directly with the borrower. The notional amount of such credit risk participation agreement reflects the pro-rata share of the derivative instrument, consistent with its share of the related participated loan. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the total notional amount of the credit risk participation agreements was approximately $674 million and $703 million, respectively, and the fair value was insignificant for both periods. The maximum estimated exposure to these agreements, as measured by projecting a maximum value of the guaranteed derivative instruments, assuming 100 percent default by all obligors on the maximum values, was $12 million and $7 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. In the event of default, the lead bank has the ability to liquidate the assets of the borrower, in which case the lead bank would be required to return a percentage of the recouped assets to the participating banks. As of March 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining maturity of outstanding credit risk participation agreements was 3.6 years.
NOTE 6 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES (VIEs)
The Corporation evaluates its interest in certain entities to determine if these entities meet the definition of a VIE and whether the Corporation is the primary beneficiary and should consolidate the entity based on the variable interests it held both at inception and when there is a change in circumstances that requires a reconsideration.
The Corporation holds ownership interests in funds in the form of limited partnerships or limited liability companies (LLCs) investing in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC). The Corporation also directly invests in limited partnerships and LLCs which invest in community development projects which generate similar tax credits to investors (other tax credit entities). As an investor, the Corporation obtains income tax credits and deductions from the operating losses of these tax credit entities. These tax credit entities meet the definition of a VIE; however, the Corporation is not the primary beneficiary of the entities, as the general partner or the managing member has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entities.
The Corporation accounts for its interests in LIHTC entities using the proportional amortization method. Exposure to loss as a result of the Corporation’s involvement with LIHTC entities at March 31, 2019 was limited to $443 million. Ownership interests in other tax credit entities are accounted for under either the cost or equity method. Exposure to loss as a result of the Corporation's involvement in other tax credit entities at March 31, 2019 was limited to $6 million.
Investment balances, including all legally binding commitments to fund future investments, are included in accrued income and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A liability is recognized in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all legally binding unfunded commitments to fund tax credit entities ($172 million at March 31, 2019). Amortization and other write-downs of LIHTC investments are presented on a net basis as a component of the provision for income taxes on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, while amortization and write-downs of other tax credit investments are recorded in other noninterest income. The income tax credits and deductions are recorded as a reduction of income tax expense and a reduction of federal income taxes payable.
The Corporation provided no financial or other support that was not contractually required to any of the above VIEs during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.


22

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The following table summarizes the impact of these tax credit entities on line items on the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Other noninterest income:
 
 
 
Amortization of other tax credit investments
$
1

 
$
1

Provision for income taxes:
 
 
 
Amortization of LIHTC investments
15

 
15

Low income housing tax credits
(15
)
 
(15
)
Other tax benefits related to tax credit entities
(3
)
 
(3
)
Total provision for income taxes
$
(3
)
 
$
(3
)
For further information on the Corporation’s consolidation policy, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report.
NOTE 7 - MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM DEBT
Medium- and long-term debt is summarized as follows:
(in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Parent company
 
 
 
Subordinated notes:
 
 
 
3.80% subordinated notes due 2026 (a)
$
256

 
$
250

Medium- and long-term notes:
 
 
 
2.125% notes due 2019 (a)
349

 
348

3.70% notes due 2023 (a)
869

 
861

4.00% notes due 2029 (a)
358

 

Total medium-term notes
1,576

 
1,209

Total parent company
1,832

 
1,459

Subsidiaries
 
 
 
Subordinated notes:
 
 
 
4.00% subordinated notes due 2025 (a)
349

 
343

7.875% subordinated notes due 2026 (a)
200

 
198

Total subordinated notes
549

 
541

Medium-term notes:
 
 
 
2.50% notes due 2020 (a)
667

 
663

Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances:
 
 
 
Floating-rate based on FHLB auction rate due 2026
2,800

 
2,800

Floating-rate based on FHLB auction rate due 2028
1,000

 
1,000

Total FHLB advances
3,800

 
3,800

Total subsidiaries
5,016

 
5,004

Total medium- and long-term debt
$
6,848

 
$
6,463

(a)
The fixed interest rates on these notes have been swapped to a variable rate and designated in a hedging relationship. Accordingly, carrying value has been adjusted to reflect the change in the fair value of the debt as a result of changes in the benchmark rate.
Subordinated notes with remaining maturities greater than one year qualify as Tier 2 capital.
Comerica Bank (the Bank), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Corporation, is a member of the FHLB, which provides short- and long-term funding to its members through advances collateralized by real estate-related assets. The interest rate on the FHLB advances resets between four and eight weeks, based on the FHLB auction rate. At March 31, 2019, the weighted-average rate on the FHLB advances was 2.60%. Each note may be prepaid in full, without penalty, at each scheduled reset date. Borrowing capacity is contingent on the amount of collateral available to be pledged to the FHLB. At March 31, 2019, $16.3 billion of real estate-related loans were pledged to the FHLB as collateral for current and potential future borrowings of approximately $4.6 billion.
On February 1, 2019, the Corporation issued $350 million of 4.00% senior notes maturing in 2029, swapped to a floating rate at 30-day LIBOR plus 129 basis points.

23

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Unamortized debt issuance costs deducted from the carrying amount of medium- and long-term debt totaled $10 million at March 31, 2019 and $8 million at December 31, 2018.
NOTE 8 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The following table presents a reconciliation of the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss and details the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, including the amount of income tax expense (benefit) allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss).
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Accumulated net unrealized losses on investment securities:
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period, net of tax
$
(138
)
 
$
(101
)
 
 
 
 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle

 
1

 
 
 
 
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period
109

 
(142
)
Less: Provision (benefit) for income taxes
25

 
(33
)
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax
84

 
(109
)
Less:
 
 
 
Net realized losses included in net securities losses
(8
)
 

Less: Benefit for income taxes
(2
)
 

Reclassification adjustment for net securities losses included in net income, net of tax
(6
)
 

Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities, net of tax
90

 
(109
)
Balance at end of period, net of tax
$
(48
)
 
$
(209
)
 
 
 
 
Accumulated net gains on cash flow hedges:
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period, net of tax
$

 
$

 
 
 
 
Net cash flow hedge gains arising during the period
4

 

Less: Provision for income taxes
1

 

Change in net cash flow hedge gains, net of tax
3

 

Balance at end of period, net of tax
$
3

 
$

 
 
 
 
Accumulated defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans adjustment:
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period, net of tax
$
(471
)
 
$
(350
)
 
 
 
 
Amortization of actuarial net loss
11

 
15

Amortization of prior service credit
(7
)
 
(7
)
Amounts recognized in other noninterest expense
4

 
8

   Less: Provision for income taxes
1

 
2

Change in defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans adjustment, net of tax
3

 
6

Balance at end of period, net of tax
$
(468
)
 
$
(344
)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss at end of period, net of tax
$
(513
)
 
$
(553
)

24

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

NOTE 9 - NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE
Basic and diluted net income per common share are presented in the following table.
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
(in millions, except per share data)
2019
 
2018
Basic and diluted
 
 
 
Net income
$
339

 
$
281

Less: Income allocated to participating securities
2

 
2

Net income attributable to common shares
$
337

 
$
279

 
 
 
 
Basic average common shares
158

 
172

 
 
 
 
Basic net income per common share
$
2.14

 
$
1.62

 
 
 
 
Basic average common shares
158

 
172

Dilutive common stock equivalents:
 
 
 
Net effect of the assumed exercise of stock options
2

 
2

Net effect of the assumed exercise of warrants

 
1

Diluted average common shares
160

 
175

 
 
 
 
Diluted net income per common share
$
2.11

 
$
1.59

The following average shares related to outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock were not included in the computation of diluted net income per common share because the options were anti-dilutive for the period.
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
(shares in millions)
2019
 
2018
Average outstanding options
0.42

 
Range of exercise prices
$80.17 - $95.25
 
NOTE 10 - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Net periodic defined benefit cost (credit) comprise service cost and other components of net benefit cost (credit). Service costs are included in salaries and benefits expense and other components of net benefit cost (credit) are included in other noninterest expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For further information on the Corporation's employee benefit plans, refer to Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report.
The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the Corporation's qualified pension plan, non-qualified pension plan and postretirement benefit plan are as follows.
Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plan
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Service cost
$
8

 
$
7

 
 
 
 
Other components of net benefit credit:
 
 
 
Interest cost
20

 
19

Expected return on plan assets
(42
)
 
(41
)
Amortization of prior service credit
(5
)
 
(5
)
Amortization of net loss
9

 
13

Total other components of net benefit credit
(18
)
 
(14
)
Net periodic defined benefit credit
$
(10
)
 
$
(7
)

25

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Non-Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plan
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Service cost
$
1

 
$

 
 
 
 
Other components of net benefit cost:
 
 
 
Interest cost
2

 
2

Amortization of prior service credit
(2
)
 
(2
)
Amortization of net loss
2

 
2

Total other components of net benefit cost
2

 
2

Net periodic defined benefit cost
$
3

 
$
2

Postretirement Benefit Plan
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Other components of net benefit credit:
 
 
 
Interest cost
$
1

 
$
1

Expected return on plan assets
(1
)
 
(1
)
Net periodic defined benefit credit
$

 
$

NOTE 11 - INCOME TAXES AND TAX-RELATED ITEMS
At March 31, 2019, net unrecognized tax benefits were $15 million, compared to $14 million at December 31, 2018. The Corporation anticipates it is reasonably possible settlements with tax authorities will result in a $1 million decrease in net unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months. The liability for tax-related interest and penalties included in accrued expenses and other liabilities was $7 million at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Net deferred tax assets were $145 million at March 31, 2019, compared to $166 million at December 31, 2018. The $21 million decrease in net deferred tax assets resulted primarily from a decrease in deferred tax assets related to unrealized losses on investment securities available-for-sale and the allowance for loan losses, partially offset by the decrease to deferred tax liabilities related to lease financing transactions and the allowance for depreciation. Included in deferred tax assets at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $4 million of state net operating loss carryforwards, which expire between 2019 and 2028. The Corporation believes it is more likely than not the benefit from certain of these state net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized and, accordingly, maintained a valuation allowance of $3 million at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation enters into certain transactions that have tax consequences. From time to time, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or other tax jurisdictions may review and/or challenge specific interpretive tax positions taken by the Corporation with respect to those transactions. The Corporation believes its tax returns were filed based upon applicable statutes, regulations and case law in effect at the time of the transactions. The IRS or other tax jurisdictions, an administrative authority or a court, if presented with the transactions, could disagree with the Corporation’s interpretation of the tax law.
Based on current knowledge and probability assessment of various potential outcomes, the Corporation believes current tax reserves are adequate, and the amount of any potential incremental liability arising is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations. Probabilities and outcomes are reviewed as events unfold, and adjustments to the reserves are made when necessary.
NOTE 12 - CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
Legal Proceedings
As previously reported in the Corporation's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Bank was named in November 2011 as a third-party defendant in Butte Local Development v. Masters Group v. Comerica Bank (the case), for lender liability. The case was tried in January 2014, in the Montana Second District Judicial Court for Silver Bow County in Butte, Montana. On January 17, 2014, a jury awarded Masters $52 million against the Bank. On July 1, 2015, after an appeal filed by the Corporation, the Montana Supreme Court reversed the judgment against the Corporation and remanded the case for a new trial with instructions that Michigan contract law should apply and dismissing all other claims. The case was retried in the same district court, without a jury, in January 2017, and the Corporation awaits a ruling. Management believes current reserves related to this case are adequate in the event of a negative outcome.
The Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to various other pending or threatened legal proceedings arising out of the normal course of business or operations. The Corporation believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its other currently outstanding legal proceedings and, with respect to such legal proceedings, intends to continue to defend itself vigorously, litigating or settling cases according to management’s judgment as to what is in the best interests of the

26

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Corporation and its shareholders. Settlement may result from the Corporation's determination that it may be more prudent financially to settle, rather than litigate, and should not be regarded as an admission of liability. On at least a quarterly basis, the Corporation assesses its potential liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal proceedings utilizing the latest information available. On a case-by-case basis, reserves are established for those legal claims for which it is probable that a loss will be incurred either as a result of a settlement or judgment, and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. The actual costs of resolving these claims may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts reserved. Based on current knowledge, and after consultation with legal counsel, management believes current reserves are adequate, and the amount of any incremental liability arising from these matters is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Legal fees of $1 million and $3 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were included in other noninterest expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
For matters where a loss is not probable, the Corporation has not established legal reserves. The Corporation believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of reserves established, for all legal proceedings in which it is involved is from zero to approximately $34 million at March 31, 2019. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses is based upon currently available information for those proceedings in which the Corporation is involved, taking into account the Corporation’s best estimate of such losses for those cases for which such estimate can be made. For certain cases, the Corporation does not believe an estimate can currently be made. The Corporation’s estimate involves significant judgment, given the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact many are currently in preliminary stages), the existence in certain proceedings of multiple defendants (including the Corporation) whose share of liability has yet to be determined, the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings (including issues regarding class certification and the scope of many of the claims) and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Corporation’s estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate.
In the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible the ultimate resolution of these matters, if unfavorable, may be material to the Corporation's consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
For information regarding income tax contingencies, refer to Note 11.
NOTE 13 - BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Corporation has strategically aligned its operations into three major business segments: the Business Bank, the Retail Bank and Wealth Management. These business segments are differentiated based on the type of customer and the related products and services provided. In addition to the three major business segments, the Finance Division is also reported as a segment. Business segment results are produced by the Corporation’s internal management accounting system. This system measures financial results based on the internal business unit structure of the Corporation. The performance of the business segments is not comparable with the Corporation's consolidated results and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. Additionally, because of the interrelationships of the various segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities. The management accounting system assigns balance sheet and income statement items to each business segment using certain methodologies, which are regularly reviewed and refined. From time to time, the Corporation may make reclassifications among the segments to more appropriately reflect management's current view of the segments, and methodologies may be modified as the management accounting system is enhanced and changes occur in the organizational structure and/or product lines. For comparability purposes, amounts in all periods are based on business unit structure and methodologies in effect at March 31, 2019.
The following discussion provides information about the activities of each business segment. A discussion of the financial results and the factors impacting performance can be found in the section entitled "Business Segments" in the financial review.
The Business Bank meets the needs of small and middle market businesses, multinational corporations and governmental entities by offering various products and services, including commercial loans and lines of credit, deposits, cash management, capital market products, international trade finance, letters of credit, foreign exchange management services and loan syndication services.
The Retail Bank includes a full range of personal financial services, consisting of consumer lending, consumer deposit gathering and mortgage loan origination. This business segment offers a variety of consumer products, including deposit accounts, installment loans, credit cards, student loans, home equity lines of credit and residential mortgage loans.
Wealth Management offers products and services consisting of fiduciary services, private banking, retirement services, investment management and advisory services, investment banking and brokerage services. This business segment also offers the sale of annuity products, as well as life, disability and long-term care insurance products.

27

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The Finance segment includes the Corporation’s securities portfolio and asset and liability management activities. This segment is responsible for managing the Corporation’s funding, liquidity and capital needs, performing interest sensitivity analysis and executing various strategies to manage the Corporation’s exposure to liquidity, interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk.
The Other category includes the income and expense impact of equity and cash, tax benefits not assigned to specific business segments, charges of an unusual or infrequent nature that are not reflective of the normal operations of the business segments and miscellaneous other expenses of a corporate nature.
For further information on the methodologies which form the basis for these results refer to Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report.
Business segment financial results are as follows:
 
Business
Bank
 
Retail
Bank
 
Wealth Management
 
Finance
 
Other
 
Total
(dollar amounts in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings summary:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income (expense)
$
412

 
$
146

 
$
47

 
$
(15
)
 
$
16

 
$
606

Provision for credit losses
(6
)
 
(4
)
 
(5
)
 

 
2

 
(13
)
Noninterest income
136

 
31

 
64

 
4

 
3

 
238

Noninterest expenses
198

 
145

 
72

 

 
18

 
433

Provision (benefit) for income taxes
82

 
8

 
11

 
(4
)
 
(12
)
(a)
85

Net income (loss)
$
274

 
$
28

 
$
33

 
$
(7
)
 
$
11

 
$
339

Net credit-related charge-offs (recoveries)
$
12

 
$

 
$
(1
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
11

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selected average balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
$
43,909

 
$
2,812

 
$
5,174

 
$
13,911

 
$
3,965

 
$
69,771

Loans
42,538

 
2,103

 
5,036

 

 

 
49,677

Deposits
28,463

 
20,470

 
3,801

 
1,130

 
132

 
53,996

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statistical data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Return on average assets (b)
2.53
%
 
0.54
%
 
2.67
%
 
n/m

 
n/m

 
1.97
%
Efficiency ratio (c)
36.23

 
81.12

 
64.41

 
n/m

 
n/m

 
50.81

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings summary:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income (expense)
$
381

 
$
127

 
$
43

 
$
(14
)
 
$
12

 
$
549

Provision for credit losses
16

 
(2
)
 
(4
)
 

 
2

 
12

Noninterest income
131

 
33

 
67

 
11

 
2

 
244

Noninterest expenses
213

 
148

 
72

 
(1
)
 
14

 
446

Provision (benefit) for income taxes
65

 
3

 
10

 
(3
)
 
(21
)
(a)
54

Net income
$
218

 
$
11

 
$
32

 
$
1

 
$
19

 
$
281

Net credit-related charge-offs (recoveries)
$
30

 
$

 
$
(2
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
28

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selected average balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
$
42,706

 
$
2,632

 
$
5,373

 
$
13,779

 
$
5,836

 
$
70,326

Loans
41,102

 
2,073

 
5,246

 

 

 
48,421

Deposits
30,485

 
20,893

 
3,796

 
823

 
93

 
56,090

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statistical data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Return on average assets (b)
2.07
%
 
0.20
%
 
2.42
%
 
n/m

 
n/m

 
1.62
%
Efficiency ratio (c)
41.55

 
92.16

 
65.81

 
n/m

 
n/m

 
56.33

(a)
Included discrete tax benefits of $11 million and $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(b)
Return on average assets is calculated based on the greater of average assets or average liabilities and attributed equity.
(c)
Noninterest expenses as a percentage of the sum of net interest income and noninterest income excluding gains (losses) from securities and a derivative contract tied to the conversion rate of Visa Class B shares.
n/m – not meaningful
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

28

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

The Corporation operates in three primary markets - Texas, California, and Michigan, as well as in Arizona and Florida, with select businesses operating in several other states, and in Canada and Mexico. The Corporation produces market segment results for the Corporation’s three primary geographic markets as well as Other Markets. Other Markets includes Florida, Arizona, the International Finance division and businesses with a national perspective. The Finance & Other category includes the Finance segment and the Other category as previously described. Market segment results are provided as supplemental information to the business segment results and may not meet all operating segment criteria as set forth in GAAP. For comparability purposes, amounts in all periods are based on market segments and methodologies in effect at March 31, 2019.
A discussion of the financial results and the factors impacting performance can be found in the section entitled "Market Segments" in the financial review.
Market segment financial results are as follows:
 
Michigan
 
California
 
Texas
 
Other
Markets
 
Finance
& Other
 
Total
(dollar amounts in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings summary:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
$
187

 
$
205

 
$
122

 
$
91

 
$
1

 
$
606

Provision for credit losses
5

 
(1
)
 
(11
)
 
(8
)
 
2

 
(13
)
Noninterest income
71

 
41

 
32

 
87

 
7

 
238

Noninterest expenses
140

 
100

 
84

 
91

 
18

 
433

Provision (benefit) for income taxes
26

 
37

 
19

 
19

 
(16
)
(a)
85

Net income
$
87

 
$
110

 
$
62

 
$
76

 
$
4

 
$
339

Net credit-related charge-offs (recoveries)
$
4

 
$
(3
)
 
$
13

 
$
(3
)
 
$

 
$
11

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selected average balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
$
13,075

 
$
19,048

 
$
10,920

 
$
8,852

 
$
17,876

 
$
69,771

Loans
12,557

 
18,768

 
10,270

 
8,082

 

 
49,677

Deposits
19,893

 
16,245

 
8,698

 
7,898

 
1,262

 
53,996

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statistical data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Return on average assets (b)
1.74
%
 
2.32
%
 
2.30
%
 
3.48
%
 
n/m

 
1.97
%
Efficiency ratio (c)
53.82

 
40.85

 
54.60

 
50.99

 
n/m

 
50.81

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings summary:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income (expense)
$
175

 
$
188

 
$
111

 
$
78

 
$
(3
)
 
$
549

Provision for credit losses
34

 
(2
)
 
(14
)
 
(8
)
 
2

 
12

Noninterest income
73

 
39

 
31

 
88

 
13

 
244

Noninterest expenses
144

 
106

 
92

 
91

 
13

 
446

Provision (benefit) for income taxes
17

 
32

 
15

 
15

 
(25
)
(a)
54

Net income
$
53

 
$
91

 
$
49

 
$
68

 
$
20

 
$
281

Net credit-related (recoveries) charge-offs
$
(1
)
 
$
13

 
$
5

 
$
11

 
$

 
$
28

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selected average balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
$
13,395

 
$
18,582

 
$
10,373

 
$
8,361

 
$
19,615

 
$
70,326

Loans
12,604

 
18,347

 
9,830

 
7,640

 

 
48,421

Deposits
21,224

 
17,091

 
9,188

 
7,670

 
917

 
56,090

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statistical data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Return on average assets (b)
0.98
%
 
1.98
%
 
1.91
%
 
3.32
%
 
n/m

 
1.62
%
Efficiency ratio (c)
57.99

 
46.82

 
64.71

 
54.98

 
n/m

 
56.33

(a)
Included discrete tax benefits of $11 million and $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(b)
Return on average assets is calculated based on the greater of average assets or average liabilities and attributed equity.
(c)
Noninterest expenses as a percentage of the sum of net interest income and noninterest income excluding gains (losses) from securities and a derivative contract tied to the conversion rate of Visa Class B shares.
n/m – not meaningful
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


29

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

NOTE 14 - REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Revenue from contracts with customers comprises the noninterest income earned by the Corporation in exchange for services provided to customers. The following table presents the composition of revenue from contracts with customers, segregated from other sources of noninterest income, by business segment.
 
Business
Bank
 
Retail
Bank
 
Wealth Management
 
Finance & Other
 
Total
(in millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue from contracts with customers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Card fees
$
53

 
$
9

 
$
1

 
$

 
$
63

Service charges on deposit accounts
33

 
17

 
1

 

 
51

Fiduciary income

 

 
49

 

 
49

Commercial loan servicing fees (a)
4

 

 

 

 
4

Brokerage fees

 

 
7

 

 
7

Other noninterest income (b)
2

 
3

 
5

 

 
10

Total revenue from contracts with customers
92

 
29

 
63

 

 
184

Other sources of noninterest income
44

 
2

 
1

 
7

 
54

Total noninterest income
$
136

 
$
31

 
$
64

 
$
7

 
$
238

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue from contracts with customers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Card fees
$
49

 
$
9

 
$
1

 
$

 
$
59

Service charges on deposit accounts
35

 
18

 
1

 

 
54

Fiduciary income

 

 
52

 

 
52

Commercial loan servicing fees (a)
4

 

 

 

 
4

Brokerage fees

 

 
7

 

 
7

Other noninterest income (b)
4

 
5

 
4

 

 
13

Total revenue from contracts with customers
92

 
32

 
65

 

 
189

Other sources of noninterest income
39

 
1

 
2

 
13

 
55

Total noninterest income
$
131

 
$
33

 
$
67

 
$
13

 
$
244

(a)
Included in commercial lending fees on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
(b)
Excludes derivative, warrant and other miscellaneous income.
Adjustments to revenue during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 for refunds or credits relating to prior periods were not significant.
Revenue from contracts with customers did not generate significant contract assets and liabilities.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NOTE 15 - LEASES
As a lessee, the Corporation has entered into operating leases for the majority of its real estate locations, primarily retail and office space. The Corporation recognized total lease expense of $19 million, including $15 million of operating lease expense and $4 million of variable lease expense, for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
At March 31, 2019, the Corporation's ROU assets and operating lease liabilities were $318 million and $355 million, respectively. The weighted average lease term for the lease liabilities was 9 years, and the weighted average discount rate of remaining payments was 3.93 percent. Lease liabilities from new ROU assets obtained during the three months ended March 31, 2019 totaled $4 million. Cash paid on operating lease liabilities was $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

30

Table of Contents
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Comerica Incorporated and Subsidiaries

As of March 31, 2019, the contractual maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Years Ending December 31
 
2019 (a)
$
43

2020
63

2021
55

2022
46

2023
39

Thereafter
182

Total contractual maturities
428

Less imputed interest
(73
)
Total operating lease liabilities
$
355

(a) Contractual maturities for the nine months remaining in 2019.
As a lessor, the Corporation leases certain types of manufacturing and warehouse equipment as well as public and private transportation vehicles to its customers. The Corporation recognized $3 million of lease-related revenue, primarily interest income from sales-type and direct financing leases, for the three months ended March 31, 2019. At March 31, 2019, the Corporation's net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases was $320 million.
As of March 31, 2019, the contractual maturities of sales-type and direct financing lease receivables were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Years Ending December 31
 
2019 (a)
$
65

2020
66

2021
54

2022
48

2023
42

Thereafter
68

Total lease payments receivable
343

Less deferred interest income
(23
)
Total lease receivables (b)
$
320

(a) Contractual maturities for the nine months remaining in 2019.
(b) Includes unguaranteed residual values of $60 million and excludes net investment in leveraged leases of $215 million.
 
 
 
 
 
 


31

Table of Contents

ITEM 2.  Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report includes forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, the Corporation may make other written and oral communications from time to time that contain such statements. All statements regarding the Corporation's expected financial position, strategies and growth prospects and general economic conditions expected to exist in the future are forward-looking statements. The words, "anticipates," "believes," "contemplates," "feels," "expects," "estimates," "seeks," "strives," "plans," "intends," "outlook," "forecast," "position," "target," "mission," "assume," "achievable," "potential," "strategy," "goal," "aspiration," "opportunity," "initiative," "outcome," "continue," "remain," "maintain," "on track," "trend," "objective," "looks forward," "projects," "models," and variations of such words and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as "will," "would," "should," "could," "might," "can," "may" or similar expressions, as they relate to the Corporation or its management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are predicated on the beliefs and assumptions of the Corporation's management based on information known to the Corporation's management as of the date of this report and do not purport to speak as of any other date. Forward-looking statements may include descriptions of plans and objectives of the Corporation's management for future or past operations, products or services and forecasts of the Corporation's revenue, earnings or other measures of economic performance, including statements of profitability, business segments and subsidiaries as well as estimates of credit trends and global stability. Such statements reflect the view of the Corporation's management as of this date with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks materialize or should underlying beliefs or assumptions prove incorrect, the Corporation's actual results could differ materially from those discussed. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are changes in general economic, political or industry conditions; changes in monetary and fiscal policies; operational, systems or infrastructure failures; reliance on other companies to provide certain key components of business infrastructure; cybersecurity risks; whether the Corporation may achieve opportunities for revenue enhancements and efficiency improvements under the GEAR Up initiative, or changes in the scope or assumptions underlying the GEAR Up initiative; the Corporation's ability to maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity; the effects of more stringent capital requirements; declines or other changes in the businesses or industries of the Corporation's customers; unfavorable developments concerning credit quality; changes in regulation or oversight; heightened legislative and regulatory focus on cybersecurity and data privacy; fluctuations in interest rates and their impact on deposit pricing; transitions away from LIBOR towards new interest rate benchmarks; reductions in the Corporation's credit rating; damage to the Corporation's reputation; the Corporation's ability to utilize technology to efficiently and effectively develop, market and deliver new products and services; competitive product and pricing pressures among financial institutions within the Corporation's markets; the interdependence of financial service companies; the implementation of the Corporation's strategies and business initiatives; changes in customer behavior; management's ability to maintain and expand customer relationships; the effectiveness of methods of reducing risk exposures; the effects of catastrophic events including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires, droughts and floods; the impacts of future legislative, administrative or judicial changes to tax regulations; any future strategic acquisitions or divestitures; management's ability to retain key officers and employees; the impact of legal and regulatory proceedings or determinations; losses due to fraud; the effects of terrorist activities and other hostilities; changes in accounting standards; the critical nature of the Corporation's accounting policies; controls and procedures failures; and the volatility of the Corporation's stock price. The Corporation cautions that the foregoing list of factors is not all-inclusive. For discussion of factors that may cause actual results to differ from expectations, please refer to our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In particular, please refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 of the Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. The Corporation does not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect facts, circumstances, assumptions or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made. For any forward-looking statements made in this report or in any documents, the Corporation claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

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Table of Contents

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $339 million, an increase of $58 million compared to $281 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Net income per diluted common share for the same respective periods was $2.11 compared to $1.59. Careful management of loan and deposit pricing in a rising rate environment, sustained strong credit quality and expense control contributed to the increase in net income.
The following table lists certain items impacting net income and earnings per share for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2019
2018
(in millions, except per share data)
Amount
Per Share
Amount
Per Share
Securities repositioning loss, net of tax (a)
$
(6
)
$
(0.04
)
$

$

Restructuring charges, net of tax


(12
)
(0.07
)
Discrete tax items (b)
11

0.07

22

0.12

(a)
Losses incurred on the sale of approximately $1 billion of treasury securities that were replaced by securities yielding about $1 million of additional interest per quarter.
(b)
Primarily tax benefits from employee stock transactions.
Full-Year 2019 Outlook
For full-year 2019 compared to the full-year 2018, management expects the following, assuming a continuation of the current economic and rate environment:
Growth in average loans of 2 percent to 4 percent, reflecting increases in most lines of business.
Decline in average deposits of 1 percent to 2 percent from a decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits.
Growth in net interest income of 3 percent to 4 percent from the full-year net benefit of higher interest rates, growth in average loans and repositioning the securities portfolio, partially offset by higher wholesale funding, a shift in deposit mix and lower interest recoveries.
Provision for credit losses of 10 basis points to 15 basis points and net charge-offs to remain low, with continued strong credit quality.
Noninterest income higher by 1 percent to 2 percent (including $8 million securities repositioning loss in first quarter 2019), benefiting from growth in card fees and fiduciary income, partially offset by lower derivative income and service charges on deposit accounts.
Noninterest expenses lower by 3 percent, reflecting the end of restructuring charges from the GEAR Up initiatives ($53 million in full-year 2018), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance expense lower by $16 million from the discontinuance of the surcharge, as well as lower compensation and pension expense, partially offset by higher outside processing expenses in line with growing revenue, technology expenditures and typical inflationary pressures.
Lower compensation driven by incentive compensation, partially offset by merit increases.
Income tax expense to be approximately 23 percent of pre-tax income, excluding any tax impact from employee stock transactions.
Full-year 2018 included discrete tax benefits of $48 million.
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio target of 9.5 percent to 10 percent through continued return of excess capital.



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Net Interest Income
Quarterly Analysis of Net Interest Income
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31, 2019
 
March 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in millions)
Average
Balance
Interest
Average
Rate
 
Average
Balance
Interest
Average
Rate
Commercial loans
$
31,461

$
394

5.07
%
 
$
30,145

$
315

4.24
%
Real estate construction loans
3,238

46

5.74

 
3,067

36

4.74

Commercial mortgage loans
8,997

114

5.14

 
9,217

98

4.32

Lease financing
519

5

3.87

 
464

5

4.22

International loans
1,014

13

5.37

 
996

11

4.60

Residential mortgage loans
1,965

19

3.85

 
2,011

18

3.67

Consumer loans
2,483

30

4.98

 
2,521

26

4.13

Total loans (a)
49,677

621

5.07

 
48,421

509

4.26

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed securities
9,225

56

2.41

 
9,168

52

2.21

Other investment securities
2,730

16

2.32

 
2,743

12

1.72

Total investment securities
11,955

72

2.39

 
11,911

64

2.09

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
2,852

17

2.40

 
4,548

17

1.55

Other short-term investments
134


1.33

 
132


0.60

Total earning assets
64,618

710

4.44

 
65,012

590

3.66

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
925

 
 
 
1,261

 
 
Allowance for loan losses
(672
)
 
 
 
(718
)
 
 
Accrued income and other assets
4,900

 
 
 
4,771

 
 
Total assets
$
69,771

 
 
 
$
70,326

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market and interest-bearing checking deposits
$
22,612

47

0.83

 
$
21,891

14

0.26

Savings deposits
2,170


0.04

 
2,177


0.03

Certificates of deposit
2,330

5

0.92

 
2,122

2

0.34

Foreign office time deposits
12


1.55

 
31


1.14

Total interest-bearing deposits
27,124

52

0.78

 
26,221

16

0.25

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term borrowings
221

1

2.39

 
35


1.47

Medium- and long-term debt
6,694

51

3.06

 
5,192

25

1.96

Total interest-bearing sources
34,039

104

1.23

 
31,448

41

0.53

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing deposits
26,872

 
 
 
29,869

 
 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
1,401

 
 
 
1,082

 
 
Total shareholders’ equity
7,459

 
 
 
7,927

 
 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
69,771

 
 
 
$
70,326

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income/rate spread
 
$
606

3.21

 
 
$
549

3.13

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Impact of net noninterest-bearing sources of funds
 
 
0.58

 
 
 
0.28

Net interest margin (as a percentage of average earning assets)
 
 
3.79
%
 
 
 
3.41
%
(a)
Nonaccrual loans are included in average balances reported and in the calculation of average rates.



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Table of Contents

Quarterly Rate/Volume Analysis
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31, 2019/March 31, 2018
(in millions)
Increase
Due to Rate
Increase
(Decrease)
Due to 
Volume (a)
Net
Increase
Interest Income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans
$
97

 
$
15

 
$
112

 
Investment securities
8

 

 
8

 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
10

 
(10
)
 

 
     Total interest income
115

 
5

 
120

 
Interest Expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits
34

 
2

 
36

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term borrowings

 
1

 
1

 
Medium- and long-term debt
13

 
13

 
26

 
     Total interest expense
47

 
16

 
63

 
     Net interest income
$
68

 
$
(11
)
 
$
57

 
(a)
Rate/volume variances are allocated to variances due to volume.
Net interest income was $606 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, an increase of $57 million compared to $549 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The increase in net interest income primarily reflected a net benefit from higher rates and a $1.3 billion increase in average loans, partially offset by the impact of a $1.5 billion increase in average debt primarily used for share repurchases as well as a $1.7 billion decrease in Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) deposits. The net interest margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased 38 basis points to 3.79 percent, from 3.41 percent for the comparable period in 2018, primarily reflecting the net benefit from higher rates, higher average loan balances and a decrease in lower-yielding FRB deposit balances, partially offset by higher average debt.
For further discussion of the effects of market rates on net interest income, refer to the "Market and Liquidity Risk" section of this financial review.
Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses was a benefit of $13 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to a provision expense of $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The provision for credit losses includes both the provision for loan losses and the provision for credit losses on lending-related commitments. The provision for loan losses is recorded to maintain the allowance for loan losses at the level deemed appropriate by the Corporation to cover probable credit losses inherent in the portfolio and includes qualitative adjustments for factors that have not been fully accounted for in the quantitative reserve calculations.
The provision for loan losses decreased $27 million to a benefit of $13 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to a provision expense of $14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in the provision primarily reflected sustained strong credit quality in most lines of business driven by low levels of net charge-offs and inflows of nonaccrual loans as well as a decline in nonperforming loans. Net loan charge-offs decreased $17 million to $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in net charge-offs was primarily reflected in general Middle Market and Small Business. Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans decreased 29 basis points to 0.39 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to the same period in the prior year.
The provision for credit losses on lending-related commitments is recorded to maintain the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments at the level deemed appropriate by the Corporation to cover probable credit losses inherent in lending-related commitments. No provision for credit losses on lending-related commitments was necessary for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Additionally, there were no lending-related commitment charge-offs for both the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
An analysis of the allowance for credit losses and nonperforming assets is presented under the "Credit Risk" subheading in the "Risk Management" section of this financial review.

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Table of Contents

Noninterest Income
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Card fees
$
63

 
$
59

Service charges on deposit accounts
51

 
54

Fiduciary income
49

 
52

Commercial lending fees
22

 
18

Foreign exchange income
11

 
12

Letter of credit fees
9

 
10

Bank-owned life insurance
9

 
9

Brokerage fees
7

 
7

Net securities (losses) gains
(8
)
 
1

Other noninterest income (a)
25

 
22

Total noninterest income
$
238

 
$
244

(a)
The table below provides further details on certain categories included in other noninterest income.
Noninterest income decreased $6 million to $238 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $244 million for the same period in 2018. Excluding an $8 million pre-tax loss on the sale of securities from repositioning approximately $1 billion of treasury securities, noninterest income increased $2 million, reflecting increases in syndication agent fees (component of commercial lending fees) and card fees, partially offset by decreases in service charges on deposit accounts and fiduciary income.
The following table illustrates certain categories included in other noninterest income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Customer derivative income
$
7

 
$
4

Investment banking fees
2

 
3

Deferred compensation asset returns (a)
2

 
1

Securities trading income
2

 
3

Income from principal investing and warrants
1

 

All other noninterest income
11

 
11

Other noninterest income
$
25

 
$
22

(a)
Compensation deferred by the Corporation's officers and directors is invested based on investment selections of the officers and directors. Income earned on these assets is reported in other noninterest income and the offsetting change in deferred compensation plan liabilities is reported in salaries and benefits expense.
Noninterest Expenses
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)
2019
 
2018
Salaries and benefits expense
$
265

 
$
255

Outside processing fee expense
63

 
61

Net occupancy expense
37

 
38

Software expense
29

 
31

Equipment expense
12

 
11

FDIC insurance expense
5

 
13

Advertising expense
5

 
6

Restructuring charges

 
16

Other noninterest expenses
17

 
15

Total noninterest expenses
$
433

 
$
446

Noninterest expenses decreased $13 million to $433 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $446 million for the same period in 2018. Excluding $16 million of restructuring charges completed in 2018, noninterest expenses increased $3 million, reflecting an increase in salaries and benefits expense, partially offset by a decrease in FDIC insurance expense due to the end of FDIC surcharges. The increase in salaries and benefits expense was primarily due to an increase in technology-related labor costs and the impact of merit increases.

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Table of Contents

Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes increased $31 million to $85 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $54 million for the same period in 2018, due to an increase in pre-tax income and an $11 million decrease in discrete tax benefits, primarily from a lower volume of employee stock transactions.
STRATEGIC LINES OF BUSINESS
The Corporation has strategically aligned its operations into three major business segments: the Business Bank, the Retail Bank and Wealth Management. These business segments are differentiated based on the type of customer and the related products and services provided. In addition to the three major business segments, the Finance Division is also reported as a segment. The Other category includes items not directly associated with these business segments or the Finance segment. The performance of the business segments is not comparable with the Corporation's consolidated results and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. Additionally, because of the interrelationships of the various segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities. Market segment results are also provided for the Corporation's three primary geographic markets: Michigan, California and Texas. In addition to the three primary geographic markets, Other Markets is also reported as a market segment. Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements describes the business activities of each business segment and presents financial results of these business and market segments for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
The Corporation's management accounting system assigns balance sheet and income statement items to each segment using certain methodologies, which are regularly reviewed and refined. These methodologies may be modified as the management accounting system is enhanced and changes occur in the organizational structure and/or product lines. Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report describes the Corporation's segment reporting methodology.
Net interest income for each segment reflects the interest income generated by earning assets less interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities plus the net impact from associated internal funds transfer pricing (FTP). The FTP methodology allocates credits to each business segment for deposits and other funds provided as well as charges for loans and other assets being funded. FTP crediting rates for deposits and other funds provided reflect the long-term value of deposits and other funding sources based on their implied maturities. FTP charge rates for funding loans and other assets reflect a matched cost of funds based on the pricing and duration characteristics of the assets. Therefore, net interest income for each segment primarily reflects the volume and associated FTP impacts of loan and deposit levels. Business segments that generate deposits benefited from higher FTP crediting rates on deposits in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in the prior year. As overall market rates increased, FTP charges for funding loans increased for asset-generating business segments in the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to the same period in the prior year. Additionally, the net FTP impact to a specific business or market segment is a function of the changes in that segment's balance sheet composition, primarily loan and deposit volumes.
The following sections present a summary of the performance of each of the Corporation's business and market segments for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in the prior year.
Business Segments
The following table presents net income (loss) by business segment.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollar amounts in millions)
2019
 
2018
Business Bank
$
274

 
82
%
 
$
218

 
84
%
Retail Bank
28

 
8

 
11

 
4

Wealth Management
33

 
10

 
32

 
12

 
335

 
100
%
 
261

 
100
%
Finance
(7
)
 
 
 
1

 
 
Other (a)
11

 
 
 
19

 
 
Total
$
339

 
 
 
$
281

 
 
(a)
Included discrete tax benefits of $11 million and $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Business Bank's net income increased $56 million to $274 million. Average loans increased $1.4 billion and average deposits decreased $2.0 billion. Net interest income increased $31 million to $412 million. An increase in loan income of $105 million was partially offset by increases of $17 million in deposit costs and $57 million in allocated net FTP charges. The provision for credit losses decreased $22 million to a benefit of $6 million, primarily reflecting a decrease in general Middle Market, partially offset by an increase in Energy, primarily due to loan growth. Net credit-related charge-offs decreased $18 million to $12 million, primarily reflecting a decrease in general Middle Market, partially offset by an increase in Energy. Noninterest income increased $5 million, primarily reflecting increases of $4 million each in card fees and syndication agent fees and $2 million in customer derivative income, partially offset by decreases of $2 million each in service charges on deposit accounts and investment banking

37

Table of Contents

fees. Excluding restructuring charges of $10 million in first quarter 2018, noninterest expenses decreased $5 million, primarily reflecting decreases of $4 million in corporate overhead and $3 million in FDIC insurance expense.
The Retail Bank's net income increased $17 million to $28 million. Average deposits decreased $423 million. Net interest income increased $19 million to $146 million. Increases of $26 million in allocated net FTP credits and $4 million in loan income were partially offset by a $10 million increase in deposit costs. The provision for credit losses decreased $2 million to a benefit of $4 million. Noninterest income and noninterest expenses, excluding restructuring charges of $4 million in first quarter 2018, were stable.
Wealth Management's net income increased $1 million to $33 million. Net interest income increased $4 million to $47 million. The provision for credit losses decreased $1 million to a benefit of $5 million. Net credit-related recoveries decreased $1 million. Noninterest income decreased $3 million to $64 million, primarily reflecting a $3 million decrease in fiduciary income. Noninterest expenses were stable.
Net income for the Finance segment decreased $8 million to a net loss of $7 million, including the impact of the $6 million loss, net of tax, due to repositioning the securities portfolio.
Market Segments
The following table presents net income by market segment.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollar amounts in millions)
2019
 
2018
Michigan
$
87

 
26
%
 
$
53

 
19
%
California
110

 
33

 
91

 
35

Texas
62

 
18

 
49

 
19

Other Markets
76

 
23

 
68

 
27

 
335

 
100
%
 
261

 
100
%
Finance & Other (a)
4

 
 
 
20

 
 
Total
$
339

 
 
 
$
281

 
 
(a)
Included discrete tax benefits of $11 million and $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Michigan market's net income increased $34 million to $87 million. Average deposits decreased $1.3 billion. Net interest income increased $12 million to $187 million. Increases of $22 million in loan income and $2 million in allocated net FTP credits were partially offset by a $12 million increase in deposit costs. The provision for credit losses decreased $29 million to $5 million, primarily reflecting decreases in general Middle Market, National Dealer Services and Small Business, partially offset by an increase in Corporate Banking. Net credit-related charge-offs increased $5 million to $4 million, from net recoveries of $1 million, primarily reflecting an increase in Corporate Banking. Noninterest income and noninterest expenses, excluding restructuring charges of $4 million in first quarter 2018, were stable.
The California market's net income increased $19 million to $110 million. Average loans increased $421 million and average deposits decreased $846 million. Net interest income increased $17 million to $205 million. An increase in loan income of $42 million was partially offset by increases of $10 million in deposit costs and $15 million in allocated net FTP charges. The provision for credit losses increased $1 million to a benefit of $1 million. Net credit-related charge-offs decreased $16 million to a benefit of $3 million, primarily reflecting a decrease in general Middle Market. Noninterest income and noninterest expenses, excluding restructuring charges of $5 million in first quarter 2018, were stable.
The Texas market's net income increased $13 million to $62 million. Average loans increased $440 million and average deposits decreased $490 million. Net interest income increased $11 million to $122 million. An increase in loan income of $27 million was partially offset by increases of $13 million in allocated net FTP charges and $3 million in deposit costs. The provision for credit losses increased $3 million to a benefit of $11 million, reflecting increases in Energy, primarily due to loan growth, and Small Business, mostly offset by decreases in general Middle Market as well as Technology and Life Sciences. Net credit-related charge-offs increased $8 million to $13 million, primarily reflecting an increase in Energy. Noninterest income was stable. Excluding $5 million in restructuring charges in first quarter 2018, noninterest expenses decreased $3 million, primarily reflecting small decreases in most categories of noninterest expenses.
Other Markets' net income increased $8 million to $76 million. Average loans increased $442 million. Net interest income increased $13 million to $91 million. An increase in loan income of $23 million was partially offset by increases of $6 million in allocated net FTP charges and $4 million in deposit costs. The provision for credit losses was stable. Net credit-related charge-offs decreased $14 million to net recoveries of $3 million, primarily reflecting a decrease in Small Business net charge-offs. Noninterest income and noninterest expenses were stable.
Net income for the Finance & Other category decreased $16 million to $4 million, primarily reflecting an $11 million decrease in discrete tax benefits and the $6 million loss, net of tax, due to repositioning the securities portfolio.

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Table of Contents

The following table lists the Corporation's banking centers by geographic market segment.
 
March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
Michigan
193

 
194

Texas
122

 
122

California
96

 
97

Other Markets
25

 
25

Total
436

 
438

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total assets decreased $128 million to $70.7 billion at March 31, 2019, compared to $70.8 billion at December 31, 2018. A $753 million decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks was mostly offset by a $621 million increase in accrued income and other assets. On an average basis, total assets decreased $1.0 billion to $69.8 billion in the first quarter 2019, compared to $70.8 billion in the fourth quarter 2018, driven by a $2.1 billion decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks, partially offset by an $845 million increase in average loans.
The following tables provide information about the change in the Corporation's average loan portfolio in the first quarter 2019, compared to the fourth quarter 2018, by loan type and geographic market.
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
 
Percent
Change
(dollar amounts in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Change
 
Average Loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial loans
$
31,461

 
$
30,651

 
$
810

 
3
 %
Real estate construction loans
3,238

 
3,164

 
74

 
2

Commercial mortgage loans
8,997

 
9,051

 
(54
)
 
(1
)
Lease financing
519

 
495

 
24

 
5

International loans
1,014

 
1,035

 
(21
)
 
(2
)
Residential mortgage loans
1,965

 
1,968

 
(3
)
 

Consumer loans
2,483

 
2,468

 
15

 
1

Total loans
$
49,677

 
$
48,832

 
$
845

 
2
 %
Average Loans By Geographic Market:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Michigan
$
12,557

 
$
12,457

 
$
100

 
1
 %
California
18,768

 
18,279

 
489

 
3

Texas
10,270

 
9,889

 
381

 
4

Other Markets
8,082

 
8,207

 
(125
)
 
(2
)
Total loans
$
49,677

 
$
48,832

 
$
845

 
2
 %
The increase in average loans was largely attributed to increases in National Dealer Services, Energy and general Middle Market, partially offset by a seasonal decrease in Mortgage Banker Finance.
Total liabilities remained stable at $63.3 billion at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 as a $2.4 billion decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits was mostly offset by increases of $978 million in interest-bearing deposits, $891 million in short-term borrowings and $385 million in medium- and long-term debt. The decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits included a $1.2 billion decrease due to the timing of deposits by the U.S. Treasury funding a government card program which typically fund on the first day of each month. The January payment was received in the fourth quarter of 2018 due to the New Year's holiday. The increase in short-term borrowings reflected temporary increases in federal funds purchased and short-term Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances. The increase in medium- and long-term debt reflected the issuance of $350 million in long-term notes during the first quarter 2019. On an average basis, total liabilities decreased $1.0 billion in the first quarter 2019, compared to the fourth quarter 2018, due to a $1.7 billion seasonal decrease in total deposits, mostly offset by increases of $311 million in accrued expenses and other liabilities as well as $274 million in medium- and long-term debt.

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Table of Contents

Capital
Total shareholders' equity decreased $98 million to $7.4 billion at March 31, 2019, compared to $7.5 billion at December 31, 2018. The following table presents a summary of changes in total shareholders' equity for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
(in millions)
  
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2019
 
 
$
7,507

Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle
 
 
(14
)
Net income
 
 
339

Cash dividends declared on common stock
 
 
(105
)
Purchase of common stock
 
 
(434
)
Other comprehensive income:
 
 
 
Investment securities
$
90

 
 
Cash flow hedges
3

 
 
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans
3

 

Total other comprehensive income
 
 
96

Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans
 
 
(4
)
Share-based compensation
 
 
24

Balance at March 31, 2019
 
 
$
7,409

The Corporation expects to continue to return capital to shareholders with a target of reaching a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 9.5 percent to 10 percent by the end of 2019. The timing and ultimate amount of future distributions will be subject to various factors including financial performance, capital position and market conditions.
The following table summarizes the Corporation's repurchase activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
(shares in thousands)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as 
Part of Publicly Announced Repurchase Plans or Programs
 
Remaining Share
Repurchase
Authorization (a)
 
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased (b)
 
Average Price
Paid Per 
Share
January 2019
566

 
19,141

(c)
682

 
$
81.32

February 2019
2,561

 
16,580

 
2,564

 
84.48

March 2019
1,967

 
14,613

 
1,970

 
82.92

Total first quarter 2019
5,094

 
14,613

 
5,216

 
$
83.48

(a)
Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the publicly announced plans or programs.
(b)
Includes approximately 122,000 shares purchased pursuant to deferred compensation plans and shares purchased from employees to pay for taxes related to restricted stock vesting under the terms of an employee share-based compensation plan during the three months ended March 31, 2019. These transactions are not considered part of the Corporation's repurchase program.
(c)
Includes January 2019 share repurchase authorization for an additional 15 million shares.
A total of 80.2 million shares have been authorized for repurchase under the Corporation's share repurchase program since its inception in 2010. There is no expiration date for the share repurchase program.
The following table presents the minimum ratios required to be considered "adequately capitalized."
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
4.50
%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
6.00

Total capital to risk-weighted assets
8.00

Capital conservation buffer (a)
2.50

Tier 1 capital to adjusted average assets (leverage ratio)
4.00

(a)
In addition to the minimum risk-based capital requirements, the Corporation is required to maintain a minimum capital conservation buffer, in the form of common equity, in order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonuses.

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Table of Contents

The Corporation's capital ratios exceeded minimum regulatory requirements as follows:
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in millions)
Capital/Assets
 
Ratio
 
Capital/Assets
 
Ratio
Common equity tier 1 and tier 1 risk based (a)
$
7,277

 
10.78
%
 
$
7,470

 
11.14
%
Total risk-based (a)
8,639

 
12.80

 
8,855

 
13.21

Leverage (a)
7,277

 
10.40

 
7,470

 
10.51

Common equity
7,409

 
10.48

 
7,507

 
10.60

Tangible common equity (b)
6,769

 
9.66

 
6,866

 
9.78

Risk-weighted assets (a)
67,507

 
 
 
67,047

 
 
(a)
March 31, 2019 capital, risk-weighted assets and ratios are estimated.
(b)
See Supplemental Financial Data section for reconcilements of non-GAAP financial measures.
RISK MANAGEMENT
The following updated information should be read in conjunction with the "Risk Management" section on pages F-21 through F-34 in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report.
Credit Risk
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses includes both the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments. The allowance for loan losses represents management's assessment of probable, estimable losses inherent in the Corporation's loan portfolio. The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, provides for probable losses inherent in lending-related commitments, including unused commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.
The allowance for loan losses was $647 million at March 31, 2019, compared to $671 million at December 31, 2018, a decrease of $24 million, or 4 percent. As a percentage of total loans, the allowance for loan losses was 1.29 percent at March 31, 2019, compared to 1.34 percent at December 31, 2018. The decrease in the allowance for loan losses reflected sustained strong credit quality of the portfolio and continued solid economic conditions across our geography and within industry exposures. The strong credit quality performance resulted in nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans of 0.39 percent at March 31, 2019, compared to 0.46 percent at December 31, 2018, and an allowance coverage of 3.3 at March 31, 2019, compared to 2.9 at December 31, 2018.
The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments includes specific allowances, based on individual evaluations of certain letters of credit in a manner consistent with business loans, and allowances based on the pool of the remaining letters of credit and all unused commitments to extend credit within each internal risk rating. The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments was $30 million at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
For additional information regarding the allowance for credit losses, refer to page F-35 in the "Critical Accounting Policies" section and pages F-51 through F-52 in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements of the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report.
Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets include loans on nonaccrual status, troubled debt restructured loans (TDRs) which have been renegotiated to less than the original contractual rates (reduced-rate loans) and foreclosed property. TDRs include performing and nonperforming loans. Nonperforming TDRs are either on nonaccrual or reduced-rate status.

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The following table presents a summary of nonperforming assets and past due loans.
(dollar amounts in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Nonaccrual loans:
 
 
 
Business loans:
 
 
 
Commercial
$
114

 
$
141

Commercial mortgage
16

 
20

Lease financing
2

 
2

International
3

 
3

Total nonaccrual business loans
135

 
166

Retail loans:
 
 
 
Residential mortgage
37

 
36

Consumer:
 
 
 
Home equity
19

 
19

Total nonaccrual retail loans
56

 
55

Total nonaccrual loans
191

 
221

Reduced-rate loans
7

 
8

Total nonperforming loans
198

 
229

Foreclosed property
1

 
1

Total nonperforming assets
$
199

 
$
230

Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans
0.39
%
 
0.46
%
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total loans and foreclosed property
0.40

 
0.46

Allowance for loan losses as a multiple of total nonperforming loans
3.3x

 
2.9x

Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing
$
24

 
$
16

Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing as a percentage of total loans
0.05
%
 
0.03
%
Nonperforming assets decreased $31 million, or 13 percent, to $199 million at March 31, 2019, from $230 million at December 31, 2018. The decrease in nonperforming assets primarily reflected a $27 million decrease in nonaccrual commercial loans, with the largest declines in general Middle Market and Energy.
The following table presents a summary of TDRs at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
(in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Nonperforming TDRs:
 
 
 
Nonaccrual TDRs
$
65

 
$
73

Reduced-rate TDRs
7

 
8

Total nonperforming TDRs
72

 
81

Performing TDRs (a)
97

 
101

Total TDRs
$
169

 
$
182

(a)
TDRs that do not include a reduction in the original contractual interest rate which are performing in accordance with their modified terms.
At March 31, 2019, nonaccrual and performing TDRs included $24 million and $48 million of Energy loans, respectively, compared to $38 million and $46 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018.
The following table presents a summary of changes in nonaccrual loans.
 
Three Months Ended
(in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Balance at beginning of period
$
221

 
$
230

Loans transferred to nonaccrual (a)
4

 
42

Nonaccrual loan gross charge-offs
(20
)
 
(21
)
Loans transferred to accrual status (a)

 
(3
)
Nonaccrual loans sold

 
(5
)
Payments/other (b)
(14
)
 
(22
)
Balance at end of period
$
191

 
$
221

(a)
Based on an analysis of nonaccrual loans with book balances greater than $2 million.
(b)
Includes net changes related to nonaccrual loans with balances less than $2 million, payments on nonaccrual loans with book balances greater than $2 million and transfers of nonaccrual loans to foreclosed property.
There was one borrower with a balance greater than $2 million transferred to nonaccrual status in the first quarter 2019, compared to ten borrowers in fourth quarter 2018.

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Table of Contents

The following table presents the composition of nonaccrual loans by balance and the related number of borrowers at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in millions)
Number of
Borrowers
 
Balance
 
Number of
Borrowers
 
Balance
Under $2 million
797

 
$
80

 
799

 
$
78

$2 million - $5 million
12

 
32

 
14

 
41

$5 million - $10 million
8

 
53

 
10

 
69

$10 million - $25 million
2

 
26

 
2

 
33

Total
819

 
$
191

 
825

 
$
221

The following table presents a summary of nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2019 and loans transferred to nonaccrual and net loan charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2019, based primarily on North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) categories.
 
March 31, 2019
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
(dollar amounts in millions)
Nonaccrual Loans
 
Loans Transferred to
Nonaccrual (a)
 
Net Loan Charge-Offs (Recoveries)
Industry Category
 
 
Residential Mortgage
$
37

 
20
%
 
$

 
%
 
$

 
 %
Mining, Quarrying and Oil & Gas Extraction
33

 
17

 

 

 
9

 
82

Manufacturing
29

 
15

 

 

 
(1
)
 
(13
)
Health Care & Social Assistance
15

 
8

 

 

 
6

 
52

Contractors
12

 
6

 

 

 

 

Services
11

 
6

 

 

 
(1
)
 
(7
)
Information & Communication
9

 
5

 
4

 
100

 

 

Real Estate & Home Builders
8

 
4

 

 

 

 

Wholesale Trade
4

 
2

 

 

 

 

Other (b)
33

 
17

 

 

 
(2
)
 
(14
)
Total
$
191

 
100
%
 
$
4

 
100
%
 
$
11

 
100
 %
(a)
Based on an analysis of nonaccrual loans with book balances greater than $2 million.
(b)
Consumer, excluding residential mortgage and certain personal purpose nonaccrual loans and net charge-offs, are included in the Other category.
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest generally represent loans that are well collateralized and in the process of collection. Loans past due 90 days or more increased $8 million to $24 million at March 31, 2019, compared to $16 million at December 31, 2018. Loans past due 30-89 days increased $14 million to $147 million at March 31, 2019, compared to $133 million at December 31, 2018. Past due loans increased slightly from very low year-end levels. An aging analysis of loans included in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements provides further information about the balances comprising past due loans.
The following table presents a summary of total criticized loans. The Corporation's criticized list is consistent with the Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful categories defined by regulatory authorities. Criticized loans with balances of $2 million or more on nonaccrual status or loans with balances of $1 million or more whose terms have been modified in a TDR are individually subjected to quarterly credit quality reviews, and the Corporation may establish specific allowances for such loans. A table of loans by credit quality indicator included in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements provides further information about the balances comprising total criticized loans.
(dollar amounts in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Total criticized loans
$
1,806

 
$
1,548

As a percentage of total loans
3.6
%
 
3.1
%
The $258 million increase in criticized loans in the three months ended March 31, 2019 included increases of $125 million in general Middle Market and $73 million in Corporate Banking.
 
 
 

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Table of Contents

Commercial Real Estate Lending
At March 31, 2019, the Corporation's commercial real estate portfolio represented 24 percent of total loans. The following table summarizes the Corporation's commercial real estate loan portfolio by loan category.
(in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Real estate construction loans:
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
$
2,888

 
$
2,687

Other business lines (b)
403

 
390

Total real estate construction loans
$
3,291

 
$
3,077

Commercial mortgage loans:
 
 
 
Commercial Real Estate business line (a)
$
1,739

 
$
1,743

Other business lines (b)
7,250

 
7,363

Total commercial mortgage loans
$
8,989

 
$
9,106

(a)
Primarily loans to real estate developers.
(b)
Primarily loans secured by owner-occupied real estate.
The Corporation limits risk inherent in its commercial real estate lending activities by monitoring borrowers directly involved in the commercial real estate markets and adhering to conservative policies on loan-to-value ratios for such loans. Commercial real estate loans, consisting of real estate construction and commercial mortgage loans, totaled $12.3 billion at March 31, 2019, of which $4.6 billion, or 38 percent, were to borrowers in the Commercial Real Estate business line, which includes loans to real estate developers, an increase of $97 million compared to December 31, 2018. The remaining $7.7 billion, or 62 percent, of commercial real estate loans in other business lines consisted primarily of owner-occupied commercial mortgages, which bear credit characteristics similar to non-commercial real estate business loans.
The real estate construction loan portfolio primarily contains loans made to long-tenured customers with satisfactory completion experience. Credit quality in the real estate construction loan portfolio was strong, with criticized loans of $27 million and $31 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and no real estate construction loan charge-offs in either of the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Commercial mortgage loans are loans where the primary collateral is a lien on any real property and are primarily loans secured by owner occupied real estate. Real property is generally considered primary collateral if the value of that collateral represents more than 50 percent of the commitment at loan approval. Loans in the commercial mortgage portfolio generally mature within three to five years. Criticized commercial mortgage loans in the Commercial Real Estate business line totaled $61 million at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. In other business lines, $247 million and $206 million of commercial mortgage loans were criticized at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Commercial mortgage loan net charge-offs were $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to none for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Residential Real Estate Lending
Residential real estate loans, which consist of traditional residential mortgages and home equity loans and lines of credit, totaled $3.7 billion, or 7 percent of total loans, at March 31, 2019. The following table summarizes the Corporation's residential mortgage and home equity loan portfolios by geographic market.
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
 
% of
Total
 
Home
Equity
Loans
 
% of
Total
 
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
 
% of
Total
 
Home
Equity
Loans
 
% of
Total
Geographic market:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Michigan
$
398

 
20
%
 
$
637

 
36
%
 
$
406

 
21
%
 
$
650

 
37
%
California
983

 
51

 
720

 
41

 
993

 
50

 
710

 
40

Texas
313

 
16

 
344

 
19

 
310

 
16

 
346

 
20

Other Markets
255

 
13

 
62

 
4

 
261

 
13

 
59

 
3

Total
$
1,949

 
100
%
 
$
1,763

 
100
%
 
$
1,970

 
100
%
 
$
1,765

 
100
%
The residential real estate portfolio is principally located within the Corporation's primary geographic markets. Substantially all residential real estate loans past due 90 days or more are placed on nonaccrual status, and substantially all junior lien home equity loans that are current or less than 90 days past due are placed on nonaccrual status if full collection of the senior position is in doubt. At no later than 180 days past due, such loans are charged off to current appraised values less costs to sell.
Residential mortgages totaled $1.9 billion at March 31, 2019, and were primarily larger, variable-rate mortgages originated and retained for certain private banking relationship customers. Of the $1.9 billion of residential mortgage loans outstanding, $37 million were on nonaccrual status at March 31, 2019. The home equity portfolio totaled $1.8 billion at March 31, 2019, of which $1.6 billion was outstanding under primarily variable-rate, interest-only home equity lines of credit, $116 million were in amortizing

44

Table of Contents

status and $32 million were closed-end home equity loans. Of the $1.8 billion of home equity loans outstanding, $19 million were on nonaccrual status at March 31, 2019. A majority of the home equity portfolio was secured by junior liens at March 31, 2019
Energy Lending
Loans in the Corporation's Energy business line are included almost entirely in commercial loans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Customers in the Corporation's Energy line of business (approximately 160 relationships) are engaged in three segments of the oil and gas business: exploration and production (E&P), midstream and energy services. E&P generally includes such activities as searching for potential oil and gas fields, drilling exploratory wells and operating active wells. Commitments to E&P borrowers are generally subject to semi-annual borrowing base re-determinations based on a variety of factors including updated pricing (reflecting market and competitive conditions), energy reserve levels and the impact of hedging. The midstream sector is generally involved in the transportation, storage and marketing of crude and/or refined oil and gas products. The Corporation's energy services customers provide products and services primarily to the E&P segment.
The following table summarizes information about loans in the Corporation's Energy business line.
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in millions)
Outstandings
Nonaccrual
Criticized (a)
 
Outstandings
Nonaccrual
Criticized (a)
Exploration and production (E&P)
$
1,856

78
%
$
31

$
176

 
$
1,771

82
%
$
46

$
143

Midstream
454

19


44

 
298

14


43

Services
75

3

2

20

 
94

4

2

19

Total Energy business line
$
2,385

100
%
$
33

$
240

 
$
2,163

100
%
$
48

$
205

As a percentage of total Energy loans
1
%
10
%
 


 
2
%
9
%
(a)
Includes nonaccrual loans.
Loans in the Energy business line totaled $2.4 billion, or approximately 5 percent of total loans, at March 31, 2019 and $2.2 billion, or approximately 4 percent of total loans, at December 31, 2018, an increase of $222 million, or 10 percent. Total exposure, including unused commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, was $4.8 billion and $4.5 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The Corporation's allowance methodology considers the various risk elements within the loan portfolio. When merited, the Corporation may incorporate a qualitative reserve component for Energy loans. Net credit-related charge-offs were $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to no net charge-offs for the same period in 2018.
Automotive Lending
Substantially all dealer loans are in the National Dealer Services business line. Loans in the National Dealer Services business line primarily include floor plan financing and other loans to automotive dealerships. Floor plan loans, included in commercial loans, totaled $4.5 billion at March 31, 2019, a decrease of $151 million compared to $4.7 billion at December 31, 2018. At both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, other loans to automotive dealers in the National Dealer Services business line totaled $3.4 billion, including $2.0 billion of owner-occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Automotive lending also includes loans to borrowers involved with automotive production, primarily Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers. Loans to borrowers involved with automotive production totaled $1.3 billion at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Leveraged Loans
Certain loans in the Corporation's commercial portfolio are considered leveraged transactions. These loans are typically used for mergers, acquisitions, business recapitalizations, refinancing and equity buyouts. To help mitigate the risk associated with these loans, the Corporation focuses on middle market companies with highly capable management teams, strong sponsors and solid track records of financial performance. Industries prone to cyclical downturns and acquisitions with a high degree of integration risk are generally avoided. Other considerations include the sufficiency of collateral, the level of balance sheet leverage and the adequacy of financial covenants. During the underwriting process, cash flows are stress tested to evaluate the borrowers' abilities to handle economic downturns and an increase in interest rates.
The FDIC defines higher-risk commercial and industrial (HR C&I) loans for assessment purposes as loans generally with leverage of four times total debt to earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation (EBITDA) as well as three times senior debt to EBITDA, excluding certain collateralized loans. HR C&I loans were $2.6 billion and $2.5 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Criticized loans within the HR C&I loan portfolio were $176 million and $147 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Charge-offs of HR C&I loans totaled $5 million and $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

45

Table of Contents

For further discussion of credit risk, see the "Credit Risk" section of pages F-21 through F-29 in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report.
Market and Liquidity Risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss due to adverse movements in market rates or prices, including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. Liquidity risk represents the failure to meet financial obligations coming due resulting from an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding, and the inability to easily unwind or offset specific exposures without significant changes in pricing, due to inadequate market depth or market disruptions.
The Asset and Liability Policy Committee (ALCO) of the Corporation establishes and monitors compliance with the policies and risk limits pertaining to market and liquidity risk management activities. ALCO meets regularly to discuss and review market and liquidity risk management strategies, and consists of executive and senior management from various areas of the Corporation, including treasury, finance, economics, lending, deposit gathering and risk management. Corporate Treasury mitigates market and liquidity risk under the direction of ALCO through the actions it takes to manage the Corporation's market, liquidity and capital positions.
In addition to assessing liquidity risk on a consolidated basis, Corporate Treasury also monitors the parent company's liquidity and has established limits for the minimum number of months into the future in which the parent company can meet existing and forecasted obligations without the support of additional dividends from subsidiaries. ALCO's liquidity policy requires the parent company to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet expected capital and debt obligations with a target of 24 months but no less than 18 months.
Corporate Treasury and the Enterprise Risk Division support ALCO in measuring, monitoring and managing interest rate risk as well as all other market risks. Key activities encompass: (i) providing information and analysis of the Corporation's balance sheet structure and measurement of interest rate and all other market risks; (ii) monitoring and reporting of the Corporation's positions relative to established policy limits and guidelines; (iii) developing and presenting analyses and strategies to adjust risk positions; (iv) reviewing and presenting policies and authorizations for approval; and (v) monitoring of industry trends and analytical tools to be used in the management of interest rate and all other market and liquidity risks.
Interest Rate Risk
Net interest income is the primary source of revenue for the Corporation. Interest rate risk arises in the normal course of business due to differences in the repricing and cash flow characteristics of assets and liabilities, primarily through the Corporation's core business activities of extending loans and acquiring deposits. The Corporation's balance sheet is predominantly characterized by floating-rate loans funded by core deposits. The Corporation's loan composition at March 31, 2019 was 67 percent 30-day LIBOR, 9 percent other LIBOR (primarily 60-day), 16 percent prime and 8 percent fixed rate. This creates sensitivity to interest rate movements due to the imbalance between the floating-rate loan portfolio and more slowly repricing deposit products. In addition, the growth and/or contraction in the Corporation's loans and deposits may lead to changes in sensitivity to interest rate movements in the absence of mitigating actions. Examples of such actions are purchasing fixed-rate investment securities, which provide liquidity to the balance sheet and act to mitigate the inherent interest sensitivity, as well as hedging with interest rate swaps and options. The Corporation actively manages its exposure to interest rate risk with the principal objective of optimizing net interest income and the economic value of equity while operating within acceptable limits established for interest rate risk and maintaining adequate levels of funding and liquidity.
Since no single measurement system satisfies all management objectives, a combination of techniques is used to manage interest rate risk. These techniques examine the impact of interest rate risk on net interest income and the economic value of equity under a variety of alternative scenarios, including changes in the level, slope and shape of the yield curve utilizing multiple simulation analyses. Simulation analyses produce only estimates of net interest income as the assumptions used are inherently uncertain. Actual results may differ from simulated results due to many factors, including, but not limited to, the timing, magnitude and frequency of changes in interest rates, market conditions, regulatory impacts and management strategies.
Sensitivity of Net Interest Income to Changes in Interest Rates
The analysis of the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income under various interest rate scenarios is management's principal risk management technique. Management models a base case net interest income under an unchanged interest rate environment. Existing derivative instruments entered into for risk management purposes as of the reporting date are included in the analysis, but no additional hedging is forecasted. At March 31, 2019, these derivative instruments comprise interest rate swaps that convert fixed-rate medium- and long-term debt to variable rates and $800 million of variable-rate loans to fixed rates. This base case net interest income is then compared against interest rate scenarios in which rates rise or decline in a linear, non-parallel fashion from the base case over 12 months. The first scenario presents a 200 basis-point increase in short-term rates, resulting in an average increase in short-term interest rates of 100 basis points over the period (+200 scenario). The second scenario presents a 200 basis-point decrease in short-term interest rates.

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Table of Contents

Each scenario includes assumptions such as loan growth, investment security prepayment levels, depositor behavior, yield curve changes, loan and deposit pricing, and overall balance sheet mix and growth. In this low rate environment, depositors have maintained a higher level of liquidity and their historical behavior may be less indicative of future trends. As a result, the +200 scenario reflects a greater decrease in deposits than we have experienced historically as rates rise. Changes in actual economic activity may result in a materially different interest rate environment as well as a balance sheet structure that is different from the changes management included in its simulation analysis.
The table below, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, displays the estimated impact on net interest income during the next 12 months by relating the base case scenario results to those from the rising and declining rate scenarios described above.
 
Estimated Annual Change
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(in millions)
Amount
 
%
 
Amount
 
%
Change in Interest Rates:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rising 200 basis points
$
127

 
5
 %
 
$
142

 
6
 %
Declining 200 basis points
(285
)
 
(12
)
 
(313
)
 
(12
)
Sensitivity to rising and declining rates decreased from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019 due to changes in balance sheet composition and the impact of swaps converting variable-rate loans to fixed rates.
Sensitivity of Economic Value of Equity to Changes in Interest Rates
In addition to the simulation analysis on net interest income, an economic value of equity analysis provides an alternative view of the interest rate risk position. The economic value of equity is the difference between the estimate of the economic value of the Corporation's financial assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments, derived through discounting cash flows based on actual rates at the end of the period, and the estimated economic value after applying the estimated impact of rate movements. The Corporation primarily monitors the percentage change on the base case economic value of equity. The economic value of equity analysis is based on an immediate parallel 200 basis point shock.
The table below, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, displays the estimated impact on the economic value of equity from the interest rate scenario described above.
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(in millions)
Amount
 
%
 
Amount
 
%
Change in Interest Rates:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rising 200 basis points
$
613

 
5
 %
 
$
711

 
6
 %
Declining 200 basis points
(2,593
)
 
(21
)
 
(2,769
)
 
(21
)
The sensitivity of the economic value of equity to rising and declining rates decreased from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019 due to similar factors described above in the net interest income sensitivity analysis.
Wholesale Funding
The Corporation may access the purchased funds market when necessary, which includes a variety of funding sources. Capacity for incremental purchased funds at March 31, 2019 included short-term FHLB advances, the ability to purchase federal funds, sell securities under agreements to repurchase, as well as issue deposits through brokers. Short-term borrowings totaled $944 million at March 31, 2019, compared to $52 million at December 31, 2018. The increase in short-term borrowings reflected temporary increases in federal funds purchased and short-term FHLB advances. At March 31, 2019, the Bank had pledged loans totaling $23.6 billion which provided for up to $19.7 billion of available collateralized borrowing with the FRB.
The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Dallas, Texas, which provides short- and long-term funding to its members through advances collateralized by real estate-related assets. Actual borrowing capacity is contingent on the amount of collateral available to be pledged to the FHLB. At March 31, 2019, $16.3 billion of real estate-related loans were pledged to the FHLB as collateral for current and potential future borrowings. The Corporation had $3.8 billion of outstanding borrowings maturing between 2026 and 2028, $400 million in short-term advances and capacity for potential future borrowings of approximately $4.6 billion.
Additionally, as of March 31, 2019 the Bank had the ability to issue up to $14.0 billion of debt under an existing $15.0 billion note program which allows the issuance of debt with maturities between three months and 30 years. The Corporation also maintains a shelf registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission from which it may issue debt and/or equity securities.

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The ability of the Corporation and the Bank to raise funds at competitive rates is impacted by rating agencies' views of the credit quality, liquidity, capital and earnings of the Corporation and the Bank. As of March 31, 2019, the three major rating agencies had assigned the ratings below to long-term senior unsecured obligations of the Corporation and the Bank. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.
 
Comerica Incorporated
 
Comerica Bank
March 31, 2019
Rating
Outlook
 
Rating
Outlook
Standard and Poor’s
BBB+
Stable
 
A-
Stable
Moody’s Investors Service
A3
Stable
 
A3
Stable
Fitch Ratings
A
Stable
 
A
Stable
The Corporation satisfies liquidity needs with either liquid assets or various funding sources. Liquid assets totaled $15.4 billion at March 31, 2019, compared to $16.3 billion at December 31, 2018. Liquid assets include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold, interest-bearing deposits with banks, other short-term investments and unencumbered investment securities.
The Corporation performs monthly liquidity stress testing to evaluate its ability to meet funding needs in hypothetical stressed environments. Such environments cover a series of broad events, distinguished in terms of duration and severity. The evaluation as of March 31, 2019 projected sufficient sources of liquidity were available under each series of events.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Corporation’s consolidated financial statements are prepared based on the application of accounting policies, the most significant of which are described in note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report. These policies require numerous estimates and strategic or economic assumptions, which may prove inaccurate or subject to variations. Changes in underlying factors, assumptions or estimates could have a material impact on the Corporation’s future financial condition and results of operations. At December 31, 2018, the most critical of these significant accounting policies were the policies related to the allowance for credit losses, fair value measurement, goodwill, pension plan accounting and income taxes. These policies were reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Corporation’s Board of Directors and are discussed more fully on pages F-35 through F-37 in the Corporation's 2018 Annual Report. As of the date of this report, there have been no significant changes to the Corporation's critical accounting policies or estimates.


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SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL DATA
The Corporation believes non-GAAP measures are meaningful because they reflect adjustments commonly made by management, investors, regulators and analysts to evaluate the adequacy of common equity and our performance trends. Tangible common equity is used by Comerica to measure the quality of capital and the return relative to balance sheet risk.
The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures used in this financial review with financial measures defined by GAAP.
(dollar amounts in millions)
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Tangible Common Equity Ratio:
 
 
 
Common shareholders' equity
$
7,409

 
$
7,507

Less:
 
 
 
Goodwill
635

 
635

Other intangible assets
5

 
6

Tangible common equity
$
6,769

 
$
6,866

Total assets
$
70,690

 
$
70,818

Less:
 
 
 
Goodwill
635

 
635

Other intangible assets
5

 
6

Tangible assets
$
70,050

 
$
70,177

Common equity ratio
10.48
%
 
10.60
%
Tangible common equity ratio
9.66

 
9.78

Tangible Common Equity per Share of Common Stock:
 
 
 
Common shareholders' equity
$
7,409

 
$
7,507

Tangible common equity
6,769

 
6,866

Shares of common stock outstanding (in millions)
155

 
160

Common shareholders' equity per share of common stock
$
47.67

 
$
46.89

Tangible common equity per share of common stock
43.55

 
42.89

The tangible common equity ratio removes the effect of intangible assets from capital and total assets. Tangible common equity per share of common stock removes the effect of intangible assets from common shareholders' equity per share of common stock.

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ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Quantitative and qualitative disclosures for the current period can be found in the "Market and Liquidity Risk" section of "Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
(a)
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Corporation maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation's management, including the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management has evaluated, with the participation of the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the Corporation's disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report (the "Evaluation Date"). Based on the evaluation, the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Corporation's disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
(b)
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. During the period to which this report relates, there have not been any changes in the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, such controls.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
For information regarding the Corporation's legal proceedings, see "Part I. Item 1. Note 12 – Contingent Liabilities," which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
There has been no material change in the Corporation’s risk factors as previously disclosed in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 in response to Part I, Item 1A. of such Form 10-K. Such risk factors are incorporated herein by reference.     

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
For information regarding the Corporation's purchase of equity securities, see "Part I. Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Capital," which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits
Exhibit No.
 
Description
 
 
 
3.1
 
 
 
 
3.2
 
 
 
 
3.3
 
 
 
 
4
 
[In accordance with Regulation S-K Item No. 601(b)(4)(iii), the Registrant is not filing copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt because none of those instruments authorizes debt in excess of 10% of the total assets of the registrant and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the SEC upon request.]
 
 
 
10.1†
 
 
 
 
10.2†
 
 
 
 
31.1
 
 
 
 
31.2
 
 
 
 
32
 
 
 
 
101
 
Financial statements from Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Registrant for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited), (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited), (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity (unaudited), (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
 
 
 
 
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
COMERICA INCORPORATED
 
(Registrant)
 
 
 
/s/ Mauricio A. Ortiz
 
Mauricio A. Ortiz
 
Senior Vice President and
 
Chief Accounting Officer and
 
Duly Authorized Officer
Date: April 29, 2019

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